{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:48:33Z","timestamp":1789958913129,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013162","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Biodiversidad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/1476 and 2020\/792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/1476 and 2020\/792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CEU Cardinal Herrera University","award":["FPI CEU-UCH 2019-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI CEU-UCH 2019-20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fish not only harbor host-specific species\/genotypes of Cryptosporidium, but also species like zoonotic C. parvum or anthroponotic C. hominis, which can pose a risk for fish consumers. This study aims to investigate fish cryptosporidiosis in an important aquaculture and fishery area of the Western Mediterranean (Comunidad Valenciana, Spain). We analyzed 404 specimens belonging to the following three groups: cultivated fish (N = 147), wild synanthropic fish (N = 147) and wild fish from extractive fisheries (N = 110). Nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, were performed. Positive isolates were also amplified at the actin gene locus. An overall prevalence of 4.2% was detected, with the highest prevalence in the synanthropic group (6.1%). C. molnari was identified in thirteen specimens from seven different host species. Zoonotic C. ubiquitum was detected in two European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). One isolate similar to C. scophthalmi was detected in a cultivated meagre (Argyrosomus regius), and one isolate, highly divergent from all the Cryptosporidium species\/genotypes described, was identified from a synanthropic round sardinella (Sardinella aurita). This study contributes to increasing the molecular data on fish cryptosporidiosis, expanding the range of known hosts for C. molnari and identifying, for the first time, zoonotic C. ubiquitum in edible marine fishes, pointing out a potential health risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T22:07:26Z","timestamp":1650406046000},"page":"1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Cultivated and Wild Marine Fishes from Western Mediterranean with the First Detection of Zoonotic Cryptosporidium ubiquitum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4091-4205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Moratal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Auxiliadora","family":"Dea-Ayuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Street, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4990-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Mart\u00ed-Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Puigcerc\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naima Mar\u00eda","family":"Marco-Hirs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candela","family":"Dom\u00e9nech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Corcuera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Cardells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2490-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Lizana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9506-4311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ramon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in Action, FAO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/13657305.2015.994240","article-title":"Fish to 2030: The Role and Opportunity for Aquaculture","volume":"19","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquac. Econ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsikliras, A., Dinouli, A., Tsiros, V.-Z., and Tsalkou, E. (2015). The Mediterranean and Black Sea Fisheries at Risk from Overexploitation. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121188"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization) (2014). Multicriteria-Based Ranking for Risk Management of Food-Borne Parasites, FAO\/WHO."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e204","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30541-8","article-title":"Diarrhoeal disease and subsequent risk of death in infants and children residing in low-income and middle-income countries: Analysis of the GEMS case-control study and 12-month GEMS-1A follow-on study","volume":"8","author":"Levine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.02.003","article-title":"Minireview: Clinical cryptosporidiosis","volume":"124","author":"Chalmers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2012.731681","article-title":"Clinical and subclinical infections with Cryptosporidiumin animals","volume":"61","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.12.001","article-title":"Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management","volume":"5","author":"Zahedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.018","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: An update","volume":"124","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00058-9","article-title":"Cryptosporidium molnari n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) infecting two marine fish species, Sparus aurata L. and Dicentrarchus labrax L.","volume":"32","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7646","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01335-10","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium molnari reveals a distinct piscine clade","volume":"76","author":"Palenzuela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Costa, J.F., and Saraiva, A. (2021, December 10). Cryptosporidium cf. scophthalmi JFC-2015 18S 416 Ribosomal RNA Gene, Partial Sequence, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/nuccore\/KR340588.1."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.01.009","article-title":"Cryptosporidium huwi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)","volume":"150","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.10.013","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in fish at the 18S and actin loci and high levels of mixed infections","volume":"214","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001214","article-title":"Cryptosporidium in fish: Alternative sequencing approaches and analyses at multiple loci to resolve mixed infections","volume":"144","author":"Paparini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107956","article-title":"Cryptosporidium bollandi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiiae) from angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) and Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus)","volume":"217","author":"Bolland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108089","article-title":"Cryptosporidium abrahamseni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiiae) from red-eye tetra (Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae)","volume":"223","author":"Zahedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117357","article-title":"Cryptosporidium in fish: Implications for aquaculture and beyond","volume":"201","author":"Golomazou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116590","article-title":"Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts as target-organisms in sanitation and environmental monitoring: A review in microscopy-based viability assays","volume":"189","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moratal, S., Dea-Ayuela, M.A., Cardells, J., Marco-Hirs, N.M., Puigcerc\u00f3s, S., Lizana, V., and L\u00f3pez-Ramon, J. (2020). Potential Risk of Three Zoonotic Protozoa (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii) Transmission from Fish Consumption. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9121913"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Certad, G., Dupouy-Camet, J., Gantois, N., Hammouma-Ghelboun, O., Pottier, M., Guyot, K., Benamrouz, S., Osman, M., Delaire, B., and Creusy, C. (2015). Identification of Cryptosporidium Species in Fish from Lake Geneva (Lac L\u00e9man) in France. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133047"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.011","article-title":"Changing dietary habits in a changing world: Emerging drivers for the transmission of foodborne parasitic zoonoses","volume":"182","author":"Broglia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"APROMAR (2022, January 10). Informe 2021. La Acuicultura en Espa\u00f1a. Available online: https:\/\/apromar.es\/content\/la-acuicultura-en-espa%C3%B1a-2021."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.7.4302-4307.2003","article-title":"Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from the Czech Republic","volume":"69","author":"Ryan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0388:MPAERO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites at the actin locus","volume":"88","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.08.031","article-title":"Identification of novel and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in fish from Papua New Guinea","volume":"198","author":"Koinari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"R Development Core Team 2013 (2021, December 14). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2011.01.031","article-title":"Life-history of the meagre Argyrosomus regius in the Gulf of C\u00e1diz (SW Iberian Peninsula)","volume":"109","author":"Naranjo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315415001265","article-title":"Reproductive traits of the pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758), in the north-western Mediterranean","volume":"96","author":"Lloret","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.121797","article-title":"Subtyping Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, a Zoonotic Pathogen Emerging in Humans","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.11.015","article-title":"Identification of novel and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in marine fish","volume":"168","author":"Reid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01037","article-title":"Prevalence, Molecular Identification, and Risk Factors for Cryptosporidium Infection in Edible Marine Fish: A Survey Across Sea Areas Surrounding France","volume":"10","author":"Certad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2006.05.002","article-title":"Changes in body condition and fatty acid composition of wild Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus, Steindachner, 1868) associated to sea cage fish farms","volume":"63","author":"Jimenez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00112","article-title":"Impacts of wild fishes attracted to open-cage salmonid farms in Norway","volume":"6","author":"Uglem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquac. Environ. Interact."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.1.131-139.2005","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium molnari in Spanish Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L.) and European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) Cultures: From Hatchery to Market Size","volume":"71","author":"Aguilera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toledo, R.D.S., Martins, F.D.C., Ferreira, F.P., de Almeida, J.C., Ogawa, L., dos Santos, H.L.E.P.L., dos Santos, M.M., Pinheiro, F.A., Navarro, I.T., and Garcia, J.L. (2017). Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in feces and water and the associated exposure factors on dairy farms. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175311"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0771","article-title":"How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere","volume":"276","author":"Costello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Boil. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22458-8","article-title":"Association between sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation on Atlantic salmon farms and wild Pacific salmon in Muchalat Inlet, Canada","volume":"8","author":"Nekouei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00012","article-title":"Movements of grey mullet Liza aurata and Chelon labrosus associated with coastal fish farms in the western Mediterranean Sea","volume":"1","author":"Uglem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Environ. Interactions"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"996","article-title":"Direct interaction between wild fish aggregations at fish farms and fisheries activity at fishing grounds: A case study with Boops boops","volume":"42","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3354\/dao062133","article-title":"Cryptosporidium scophthalmi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from cultured turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Light and electron microscope description and histopathological study","volume":"62","author":"Quiroga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-008-9658-8","article-title":"Detecting the degree of establishment of a non-indigenous species in coastal ecosystems: Sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax escapes from sea cages in Canary Islands (Northeastern Central Atlantic)","volume":"623","author":"Guedes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00060","article-title":"Reared fish, farmed escapees and wild fish stocks\u2014A triangle of pathogen transmission of concern to Mediterranean aquaculture management","volume":"3","author":"Uglem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquac. Environ. Interact."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.028","article-title":"Cryptosporidium ubiquitum n. sp. in animals and humans","volume":"172","author":"Fayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4639-0","article-title":"Cryptosporidium species and subtype analysis in diarrhoeic pre-weaned lambs and goat kids from north-western Spain","volume":"114","author":"Prieto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.02.040","article-title":"Cryptosporidium species in post-weaned and adult sheep and goats from N.W. Spain: Public and animal health significance","volume":"254","author":"Navarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.01.016","article-title":"Occurrence and molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in wild mesocarnivores in Spain","volume":"235","author":"Mateo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2012.04.011","article-title":"Two cases of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in Spain by the unusual species Cryptosporidium ubiquitum and Cryptosporidium felis","volume":"30","author":"Cieloszyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"368","article-title":"A year-long study of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in recreational, drinking and wastewater from the central area of Spain","volume":"468\u2013469","author":"Magnet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00166-07","article-title":"Risk of handling as a route of exposure to infectious waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts via atlantic blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus)","volume":"73","author":"Graczyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/9\/1052\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:56:33Z","timestamp":1760136993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/9\/1052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12091052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12091052","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]}}}