{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T18:41:09Z","timestamp":1782499269863,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TP14081390585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TP14081390585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semen analyses have gained momentum in various livestock industries. However, in farmed ostriches, semen analysis is still in its experimental stage, and males are not screened for sperm quality before breeding. This study investigated the correlations between computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) technology and the traditional, yet affordable, mass sperm motility score. Semen was collected from nine South African Black ostrich males (mean age \u00b1 SD: 5.25 \u00b1 1.21 years), using the dummy female method for 5 consecutive days monthly, for 8 months. Mass sperm motility scores were recorded on a scale of 1\u20135 (1: little to no sperm movement; 5: rapid sperm movement). The CASA traits recorded were: total motility (MOT), progressive motility (PMOT), curve\u2013linear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble (WOB), and beat-cross frequency (BCF). The results revealed positive correlations between mass sperm motility and PMOT, MOT, VCL, and VAP ranging from 0.34 to 0.59 (p &lt; 0.0001). In contrast, negative correlations were recorded between mass sperm motility and LIN, STR, and BCF, with correlations ranging from \u22120.20 to \u22120.39 (p &lt; 0.0001). VSL, ALH, and WOB were not correlated to mass sperm motility (p &gt; 0.05). Ostrich farmers may thus be able to evaluate sperm motility reliably and potentially select breeding males by using the affordable mass sperm motility scoring method. Determining the correlation between these methods and fertility after artificial insemination or natural mating is however needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T21:16:28Z","timestamp":1650921388000},"page":"1104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Mass Sperm Motility Is Correlated to Sperm Motility as Measured by Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis (CASA) Technology in Farmed Ostriches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pfunzo T.","family":"Muvhali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"},{"name":"Directorate Animal Sciences, Western Cape Department of Agriculture Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0790-0859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maud","family":"Bonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irek A.","family":"Malecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-5633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Schalk W. P.","family":"Cloete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"},{"name":"Directorate Animal Sciences, Western Cape Department of Agriculture Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The contribution of the South African ostrich industry to the national economy","volume":"4","author":"Brand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Husb. Rural Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v72i4.652","article-title":"Factors related to high levels of ostrich chick mortality from hatching to 90 days of age in an intensive rearing system","volume":"72","author":"Cloete","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1071\/EA08141","article-title":"Artificial insemination for ratites: A review","volume":"48","author":"Malecki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933912000372","article-title":"The development of ratite production through continued research","volume":"68","author":"Cloete","year":"2012","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)46462-9","article-title":"An analysis of sperm function in cases of unexplained infertility: Conventional criteria, movement characteristics, and fertilizing capacity","volume":"38","author":"Aitken","year":"1982","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1071\/EA08135","article-title":"Deriving preliminary breeding objective for commercial ostriches: An overview","volume":"48","author":"Cloete","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.09.019","article-title":"Predictors of success of semen cryopreservation in chickens","volume":"69","author":"Blesbois","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.05.040","article-title":"Additional value of computer assisted semen analysis (CASA) compared to conventional motility assessments in pig artificial insemination","volume":"76","author":"Broekhuijse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.04.012","article-title":"Correlation between objective semen analysis and fertility in Japanese quail","volume":"115","author":"Farooq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1071\/RD19182","article-title":"Sperm motility, kinematics, mor-phometry and morphology over two seasons in free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana)","volume":"32","author":"Luther","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00664-1","article-title":"Computer assisted semen analyzers in andrology and veterinary practice","volume":"57","author":"Verstegen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.09.004","article-title":"Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA): Capabilities and potential developments","volume":"81","author":"Amann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2015.08.006","article-title":"Mass sperm motility is associated with fertility in sheep","volume":"161","author":"David","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0341332","article-title":"Competitive fertilization in the fowl","volume":"34","author":"Allen","year":"1955","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668608416859","article-title":"Correlation of the fertilising ability of semen from individual male fowls with sperm motility and ATP content","volume":"27","author":"Wishart","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660701573078","article-title":"Semen collection in the ostrich (Struthio camelus) using a dummy or a teaser female","volume":"48","author":"Rybnik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2011.643223","article-title":"The ostrich (Struthio camelus) ejaculate-effects of the method of collection, male age, month of the season, and daily frequency","volume":"53","author":"Rybnik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.01.007","article-title":"Twice daily collection yields greater semen output and does not affect male libido in the ostrich","volume":"123","author":"Bonato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.09.015","article-title":"Predicting ejaculate quality and libido in male ostriches: Effect of season and age","volume":"151","author":"Bonato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.08.014","article-title":"Biochemi-cal characterization and sperm motility parameters of ostrich (Struthio camelus) semen","volume":"122","author":"Ciereszko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2016.03.007","article-title":"Classification of ostrich sperm characteristics","volume":"168","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.04.005","article-title":"Ostrich specific semen diluent and sperm motility characteristics during in vitro storage","volume":"193","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.04.004","article-title":"Mineral profiling of ostrich (Struthio camelus) seminal plasma and its relationship with semen traits and collection day","volume":"193","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02299-2","article-title":"Ostrich ejaculate characteristics and male libido around equinox and solstice dates","volume":"52","author":"Muvhali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"438","article-title":"Between male variation in semen characteristics and preliminary results on the dilution of semen in the ostrich","volume":"40","author":"Bonato","year":"2010","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"397","article-title":"Quantifying between animal variation for semen traits and female egg traits in an ostrich flock used to develop an artificial insemination protocol. Proc. Assoc. Advmnt","volume":"21","author":"Cloete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2013.08.003","article-title":"Extensive human presence at an early age of ostriches improves the docility of birds at a later stage of life","volume":"148","author":"Bonato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2003.08.018","article-title":"Semen characteristics, cryopreservation, and successful artificial insemination in the blue rock pigeon (Columba livia)","volume":"62","author":"Sontakke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogoenology"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Statistical Analysis System (SAS) (2012). Base SAS\u00ae 9.3 Procedures Guide: Statistical Procedures, SAS Institute Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Gilmour, A.R., Gogel, B.J., Cullis, B.R., Welham, S.J., and Thompson, R. (2015). ASReml User Guide Release 4.1 Functional Specification, VSN International Ltd."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.02.006","article-title":"The comparison of assessment of pigeon semen motility and sperm concentration by conventional methods and the CASA system (HTM IVOS)","volume":"70","author":"Klimowicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.05.023","article-title":"Comparison of conventional and computer-assisted semen analysis in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and evaluation of different insemination dosages for artificial insemination","volume":"82","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Muvhali, P.T. (2022). The Refinement of an Artificial Insemination Protocol in Ostriches. [Ph.D. Thesis, Stellenbosch University]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Tilley, B. (2007). Assessment of Boar Sperm Samples by Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis and the Mobility Assay, Texas Tech University."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669508417752","article-title":"Factors affecting hatchability during commercial incubation of Ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs","volume":"36","author":"Deeming","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660086394","article-title":"Hatching success of ostrich eggs in relation to setting, turning and angle of rotation","volume":"41","author":"Cloete","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"43","article-title":"Factors affecting reproductive performance in farmed ostriches","volume":"14","author":"Bunter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Assoc. Adv. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.06.008","article-title":"The effect of temperature and pH on the motility and viability of ostrich sperm","volume":"133","author":"Bonato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/9\/1104\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:00:45Z","timestamp":1760137245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/9\/1104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12091104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12091104","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]}}}