{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:18:01Z","timestamp":1784830681630,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MARCET","award":["MAC\/1.1b\/149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC\/1.1b\/149"]}]},{"name":"MARCET","award":["MAC2\/4.6c\/392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/4.6c\/392"]}]},{"name":"MARCET","award":["CGL2015-71498-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2015-71498-P"]}]},{"name":"MARCET","award":["PGC2018-101226-B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-101226-B-100"]}]},{"name":"MARCET II","award":["MAC\/1.1b\/149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC\/1.1b\/149"]}]},{"name":"MARCET II","award":["MAC2\/4.6c\/392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/4.6c\/392"]}]},{"name":"MARCET II","award":["CGL2015-71498-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2015-71498-P"]}]},{"name":"MARCET II","award":["PGC2018-101226-B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-101226-B-100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n del Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAC\/1.1b\/149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC\/1.1b\/149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n del Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAC2\/4.6c\/392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/4.6c\/392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n del Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL2015-71498-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2015-71498-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n del Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGC2018-101226-B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-101226-B-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAC\/1.1b\/149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC\/1.1b\/149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAC2\/4.6c\/392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/4.6c\/392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL2015-71498-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2015-71498-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGC2018-101226-B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-101226-B-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herpesviruses are causative agents of meningitis and encephalitis in cetaceans, which are among the main leading known natural causes of death in these species. Brain samples from 103 stranded cetaceans were retrospectively screened for the presence of herpesvirus DNA in the brain. Molecular detection of Cetacean Morbillivirus was performed in HV positive brain cases. Histopathologic evaluation of brain samples included the presence or absence of the following findings (n = 7): meningitis, perivascular cuffings, microgliosis, intranuclear inclusion bodies, malacia, neuronal necrosis and neurophagic nodules, and haemorrhages. Histological evidence of the involvement of other etiological agents led to complementary analysis. We detected the presence of alpha and gamma-HVs in 12 out of 103 (11.6%) brain samples from stranded cetaceans of five different species: one bottlenose dolphin, six striped dolphins, three Atlantic spotted dolphins, one Cuvier\u2019s beaked whale, and one common dolphin. Pathogenic factors such as viral strain, age, sex, and the presence of co-infections were analysed and correlated with the brain histopathological findings in each case. Herpesvirus was more prevalent in males, juveniles, and calves and a 41.6% incidence of co-infections in the brain was detected in our study: three with Dolphin Morbillivirus, one with Staphilococcus aureus septicaemia and one with Brucella spp.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T16:49:57Z","timestamp":1651250997000},"page":"1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Herpesviral Encephalitis in Cetaceans: Correlation with Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Findings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3749-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Sierra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3932-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"},{"name":"Seashore Environment and Fauna, C\/Sevilla 4, 11380 Tarifa, C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6493-1275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Sacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9142-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idaira","family":"Felipe-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2089-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Segura-G\u00f6thlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Colom-Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nakita","family":"C\u00e2mara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Puig-Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2221-3296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Rambaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0409-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1623-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Arbelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmonta\u00f1a, s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sehrawat, S., Kumar, D., and Rouse, B.T. (2018). Herpesviruses: Harmonious Pathogens but Relevant Cofactors in Other Diseases?. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00177"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-37-1-15","article-title":"Unity and diversity in the herpesviruses","volume":"37","author":"Honess","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1006\/smvy.1994.1029","article-title":"The molecular basis of herpes simplex virus pathogenicity","volume":"5","author":"Fawl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.3390\/v3112160","article-title":"Herpesviruses that infect fish","volume":"3","author":"Hanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dortmans, J.C., Koch, G., Rottier, P.J., and Peeters, B.P. (2011). Virulence of Newcastle disease virus: What is known so far?. Vet. Res., 42.","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-122"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(88)90038-2","article-title":"Pathology of stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada","volume":"98","author":"Martineau","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.03.033","article-title":"Identification of novel alpha- and gammaherpesviruses from cutaneous and mucosal lesions of dolphins and whales","volume":"136","author":"Manire","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02208","article-title":"Herpesvirus infection with severe lymphoid necrosis affecting a beaked whale stranded in the Canary Islands","volume":"89","author":"Arbelo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbelo, M., Belliere, E.N., Sierra, E., Sacchinni, S., Esperon, F., Andrada, M., Rivero, M., Diaz-Delgado, J., and Fernandez, A. (2012). Herpes virus infection associated with interstitial nephritis in a beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-243"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2607-8","article-title":"Identification of a novel gammaherpesvirus associated with (muco)cutaneous lesions in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)","volume":"160","author":"LL","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0310-8","article-title":"Central nervous system disease and genital disease in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are associated with different herpesviruses","volume":"47","author":"Getu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2108\/ZSJ.28.126","article-title":"Molecular identification of novel alpha- and gammaherpesviruses from cetaceans stranded on Japanese coasts","volume":"28","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zool. Sci"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.021","article-title":"Novel herpesviruses in riverine and marine cetaceans from South America","volume":"190","author":"Sacristan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04059-0","article-title":"Highly divergent herpesviruses in threatened river dolphins from Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Ewbank","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0596-1","article-title":"First molecular determination of herpesvirus from two mysticete species stranded in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"11","author":"Melero","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2011.04.002","article-title":"Systemic Herpesvirus and Morbillivirus Co-Infection in a Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)","volume":"146","author":"Soto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02906-13","article-title":"Retrospective study of etiologic agents associated with nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis in stranded cetaceans in the canary islands","volume":"52","author":"Sierra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.2.297","article-title":"Two novel alphaherpesviruses associated with fatal disseminated infections in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins","volume":"37","author":"Blanchard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.11.013","article-title":"Herpesvirus infection in marine mammals: A retrospective molecular survey of stranded cetaceans in the Portuguese coastline","volume":"67","author":"Bento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0019.1","article-title":"First Gammaherpesvirus detection in a free-living Mediterranean bottlenose dolphin","volume":"45","author":"Lecis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-11-293","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Herpesvirus Associated with a Penile Proliferative Lesion in a Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)","volume":"51","author":"Bellehumeur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.1.142","article-title":"A novel gammaherpesvirus associated with genital lesions in a Blainville\u2019s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris)","volume":"42","author":"Saliki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-07-185","article-title":"Herpesvirus-Associated Genital Lesions in a Stranded Striped Dolphin (Stenella Coeruleoalba) in the Canary Islands, Spain","volume":"51","author":"Sierra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717727794","article-title":"Herpesviral infection in a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) from the northern coast of Brazil","volume":"29","author":"Seade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"374","article-title":"Herpesviral encephalitis in a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)","volume":"23","author":"Kennedy","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3354\/dao01915","article-title":"Herpes simplex-like infection in a bottlenose dolphin stranded in the Canary Islands","volume":"81","author":"Esperon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sierra, E., Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Felipe-Jim\u00e9nez, I., Zucca, D., D\u00edaz-Delgado, J., Puig-Lozano, R., C\u00e2mara, N., Consoli, F., D\u00edaz-Santana, P., and Su\u00e1rez-Santana, C. (2020). Histopathological Differential Diagnosis of Meningoencephalitis in Cetaceans: Morbillivirus, Herpesvirus, Toxoplasma gondii, Brucella sp., and Nasitrema sp.. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00650"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0697-x","article-title":"Presence of herpesvirus in striped dolphins stranded during the cetacean morbillivirus epizootic along the Mediterranean Spanish coast in 2007","volume":"155","author":"Esperon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas-Castro, I., Crespo-Picazo, J.L., Rivera-Arroyo, B., S\u00e1nchez, R., Marco-Cabedo, V., Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00ednez, M., Fayos, M., Serdio, \u00c1., Garc\u00eda-P\u00e1rraga, D., and S\u00e1nchez-Vizca\u00edno, J.M. (2020). Alpha- and gammaherpesviruses in stranded striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from Spain: First molecular detection of gammaherpesvirus infection in central nervous system of odontocetes. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02511-3"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas-Castro, I., Melero, M., Crespo-Picazo, J.L., Jim\u00e9nez, M., Sierra, E., Rubio-Guerri, C., Arbelo, M., Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Garc\u00eda-P\u00e1rraga, D., and S\u00e1nchez-Vizca\u00edno, J.M. (2021). Systematic Determination of Herpesvirus in Free-Ranging Cetaceans Stranded in the Western Mediterranean: Tissue Tropism and Associated Lesions. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112180"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Melero, M., Rubio-Guerri, C., Crespo, J.L., Garcia-Parraga, D., and Sanchez-Vizcaino, J.M. (2015, January 6\u201310). Herpesvirus determination in free-ranging cetaceans stranded in the Mediterranean sea between June 2010 and June 2013. Proceedings of the 46th Annual IAAAM Meeting and Conference, International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felipe-Jim\u00e9nez, I., Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Andrada, M., Arbelo, M., Segura-G\u00f6thlin, S., Colom-Rivero, A., and Sierra, E. (2021). Contribution to Herpesvirus Surveillance in Beaked Whales Stranded in the Canary Islands. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11071923"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Kuiken, T., and Garc\u00eda Hartmann, M. (1991, January 13\u201314). Cetacean pathology: Dissection techniques and tissue sampling. Proceedings of the First ECS Workshop on Cetacean Pathology. ECS Newsletter 17\u2014Special Issue. European Cetacean Society 1991, Leiden, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02558","article-title":"Pathology and causes of death of stranded cetaceans in the Canary Islands (1999-2005)","volume":"103","author":"Arbelo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Delgado, J., Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Sierra, E., Sacchini, S., Andrada, M., Vela, A.I., Quesada-Canales, \u00d3., Paz, Y., Zucca, D., and Groch, K. (2018). Pathologic findings and causes of death of stranded cetaceans in the Canary Islands (2006\u20132012). PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204444"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ijsseldijk, L.L., Brownlow, A.C., and Mazzariol, S. (2019). Best practice on cetacean post mortem investigation and tissue sampling. Jt. ACCOBAMS ASCOBANS Doc., 1\u201373."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacchini, S., Herr\u00e1ez, P., Arbelo, M., Espinosa de Los Monteros, A., Sierra, E., Rivero, M., Bombardi, C., and Fern\u00e1ndez, A. (2022). Methodology and Neuromarkers for Cetaceans\u2019 Brains. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9020038"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.10.002","article-title":"Diagnosis of Cetacean morbillivirus: A sensitive one step real time RT fast-PCR method based on SYBR\u00ae Green","volume":"226","author":"Sacristan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.7.1666-1671.1996","article-title":"Detection and analysis of diverse herpesviral species by consensus primer PCR","volume":"34","author":"VanDevanter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.4.771","article-title":"Morbillivirus infection in stranded common dolphins from the Pacific Ocean","volume":"34","author":"Reidarson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groch, K.R., Taniwaki, S.A., Favero, C.M., Brand\u00e3o, P.E., D\u00edaz-Delgado, J., Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Cat\u00e3o-Dias, J.L., and Sierra, E. (2020). A novel real-time PCR to detect Cetacean morbillivirus in Atlantic cetaceans. J. Virol. Methods, 285.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2020.113964"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elizalde, M., Cano-G\u00f3mez, C., Llorente, F., P\u00e9rez-Ram\u00edrez, E., Casades-Mart\u00ed, L., Aguilera-Sep\u00falveda, P., Ruiz-Fons, F., Jim\u00e9nez-Clavero, M., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Pinero, J. (2020). A Duplex Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Flaviviruses of the Japanese Encephalitis and Ntaya Serocomplexes in Birds. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00203"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0206","article-title":"A real-time RT-PCR method for the universal detection and identification of flaviviruses","volume":"7","author":"Moureau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2014.03.001","article-title":"Real-time PCR assays for detection of Brucella spp. and the identification of genotype ST27 in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"100","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985820954550","article-title":"The Pathology of Cetacean Morbillivirus Infection and Comorbidities in Guiana Dolphins During an Unusual Mortality Event (Brazil, 2017-2018)","volume":"57","author":"Groch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03248","article-title":"Morbillivirus infection in Risso\u2019s dolphin Grampus griseus: A phylogenetic and pathological study of cases from the Canary Islands","volume":"129","author":"Sierra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.07.012","article-title":"Mediterranean marine biodiversity under threat: Reviewing influence of marine litter on species","volume":"98","author":"Deudero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02101","article-title":"Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors","volume":"86","author":"Raga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"676","article-title":"Marine mammals as sentinel species for oceans and human health","volume":"48","author":"Bossart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braund K. G."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5145","DOI":"10.3390\/v6125093","article-title":"Cetacean morbillivirus: Current knowledge and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Duignan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03190","article-title":"Occlusive mycotic tracheobronchitis and systemic Alphaherpesvirus coinfection in a free-living striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba in Italy","volume":"127","author":"Grattarola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.09.035","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of marine mammal herpesviruses","volume":"149","author":"Maness","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.03.010","article-title":"Virus infections in the nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Koyuncu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199912)59:4<491::AID-JMV11>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Presence of human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 DNA sequences in normal brain tissue","volume":"59","author":"Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2772-2773.2000","article-title":"Survey for the presence and distribution of human herpesvirus 8 in healthy brain","volume":"38","author":"Chan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.08.010","article-title":"Investigation of HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV, HHV-6 and HHV-8 DNA by real-time PCR in surgical resection materials of epilepsy patients with mesial temporal lobe sclerosis","volume":"264","author":"Karatas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1086\/499956","article-title":"Ganciclovir is associated with low or undetectable Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-related primary central nervous system lymphoma","volume":"42","author":"Bossolasco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199709000-00006","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus\/human herpesvirus type 8 encephalitis in HIV-positive and -negative individuals","volume":"11","author":"Said","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071030","article-title":"Dysregulated Epstein-Barr virus infection in the multiple sclerosis brain","volume":"204","author":"Serafini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.2.262","article-title":"Relapsing herpes simplex encephalitis: Pathological confirmation of viral reactivation","volume":"74","author":"Yamada","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.11.4.654","article-title":"Herpesvirus infections in seals: A summary of present knowledge","volume":"11","author":"Stenvers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.071230","article-title":"Dolphin morbillivirus epizootic resurgence, Mediterranean Sea","volume":"14","author":"Raga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bento, M.C., Eira, C.I., Vingada, J.V., Mar\u00e7alo, A.L., Ferreira, M.C., Fernandez, A.L., Tavares, L.M., and Duarte, A.I. (2016). New insight into dolphin morbillivirus phylogeny and epidemiology in the northeast Atlantic: Opportunistic study in cetaceans stranded along the Portuguese and Galician coasts. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0795-4"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.86.2.145","article-title":"Multiple virus infection of single host cells","volume":"86","author":"Syverton","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7119","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.9.7119-7123.1997","article-title":"Superinfection exclusion of alphaviruses in three mosquito cell lines persistently infected with Sindbis virus","volume":"71","author":"Karpf","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio-Guerri, C., Melero, M., Esperon, F., Belliere, E.N., Arbelo, M., Crespo, J.L., Sierra, E., Garcia-Parraga, D., and Sanchez-Vizcaino, J.M. (2013). Unusual striped dolphin mass mortality episode related to cetacean morbillivirus in the Spanish Mediterranean Sea. BMC Vet. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-106"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7231","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.12.7231","article-title":"Social stress and the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1","volume":"95","author":"Padgett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.8.4047-4060.2006","article-title":"Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks","volume":"80","author":"Nugent","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00032-09","article-title":"Respiratory viral infections in infants: Causes, clinical symptoms, virology, and immunology","volume":"23","author":"Tregoning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/9\/1149\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:04:19Z","timestamp":1760137459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/9\/1149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12091149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12091149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]}}}