{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:42:59Z","timestamp":1793223779364,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32172731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172731"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["32172731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172731"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The follicular dynamics is used as a reliable indicator for reproductive management in livestock. However, the follicular dynamics (follicle wave emergence, estrus cycle length, diameter of dominant follicle, follicular growth and atretic phases) during the estrous cycle of crossbred (Nili Ravi-Jianghan) buffalo is still unexplored. Therefore, the present study aimed to observe the follicular dynamics in estrous cycle of crossbred buffaloes at different physiological stages (pubertal; n = 28, sexual mature; n = 22 and postpartum; n = 18). In the present study, the follicular dynamics were ultrasonically examined at 12 h intervals throughout an estrous cycle during the breeding season. The results indicate that about 86.76% (59\/68) crossbred buffaloes, irrespective of physiological stage, exhibited two follicular waves in estrous cycle with an average estrus cycle length was 20.7 \u00b1 0.4 days. The estrus cycle length was significantly shorter (p &lt; 0.05) in pubertal buffaloes (19.4 \u00b1 0.4 days) compared with sexual mature (21.5 \u00b1 0.3 days) and postpartum (21.9 \u00b1 0.4 days) buffaloes. The first follicular wave emerged on same day during one- (pubertal vs. postpartum), two- (pubertal vs. mature vs. postpartum) or three-wave (mature vs. postpartum) estrous cycle buffaloes. The maximum diameter of dominant follicle (DF) in pubertal, sexually mature and postpartum crossbred buffaloes was 9.6 \u00b1 2.0 mm, 10.6 \u00b1 0.5 mm and 12.6 \u00b1 0.7 mm with growth rate of 1.08 \u00b1 0.04 mm\/day, 0.92 \u00b1 0.04 mm\/day, and 0.9 \u00b1 0.07 mm\/day, respectively. In conclusion, similar to other buffalo breeds, Nili Ravi-Jianghan crossbred buffaloes showed the two-wave follicular pattern dominantly with an average duration of ~20 days estrous cycle. The observed follicular dynamics can be used as a reliable indicator for synchronization and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) programs to improve the fertility of crossbred buffaloes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T08:04:21Z","timestamp":1651997061000},"page":"1208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Follicular Dynamics during Estrous Cycle of Pubertal, Mature and Postpartum Crossbred (Nili Ravi \u00d7 Jianghan) Buffaloes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1898-7945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adili","family":"Abulaiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Hubei Province\u2019s Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding & Products, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umair","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahid","family":"Naseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theriogenology Section, Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulfiqar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohua","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Hubei Province\u2019s Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding & Products, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1389-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liguo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Hubei Province\u2019s Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding & Products, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Transforming swamp buffaloes to producers of milk and meat through crossbreeding and backcrossing","volume":"22","author":"Cruz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Japs. 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