{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:50:55Z","timestamp":1780051855707,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["21A0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21A0141"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["2021JJ30335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30335"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["212300410070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212300410070"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["202147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202147"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Hunan Province","award":["21A0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21A0141"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Hunan Province","award":["2021JJ30335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30335"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Hunan Province","award":["212300410070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212300410070"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Hunan Province","award":["202147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202147"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province of China","award":["21A0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21A0141"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province of China","award":["2021JJ30335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30335"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province of China","award":["212300410070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212300410070"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province of China","award":["202147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202147"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project of Hunan Agricultural University","award":["21A0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21A0141"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project of Hunan Agricultural University","award":["2021JJ30335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30335"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project of Hunan Agricultural University","award":["212300410070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212300410070"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project of Hunan Agricultural University","award":["202147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202147"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sparganosis, caused by the plerocercoid larvae of Spirometra tapeworms, is a public health hazard worldwide. The prevalence and genetics of sparganum from snakes remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of sparganum infection in wild snakes in Hunan province and compared the prevalence of Spirometra tapeworms in snakes worldwide. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of collected isolates was analyzed using mitochondrial cytb and cox1 genes. The result shows that the sparganum infection rate in wild snakes (89.50%, 402\/449) was higher in Hunan than in other regions. Genetic diversity analysis based on concatenated sequences revealed high genetic diversity but no distinct genetic structure among Spirometra populations. Phylogenetic analysis supported the division of European and Chinese Spirometra isolates and a single species in Chinese Spirometra isolates. The prevalence of Spirometra tapeworms in snakes is serious, and the risk of sparganosis should be further publicized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1652131407000},"page":"1216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Spirometra Tapeworm Isolates from Snakes in Hunan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tengfang","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junlin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8166-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yisong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8257-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.02.001","article-title":"Broad tapeworms (Diphyllobothriidae), parasites of wildlife and humans: Recent progress and future challenges","volume":"9","author":"Scholz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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