{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:32:28Z","timestamp":1791423148533,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this review is to provide dairy farm advisors, consultants, nutritionists, practitioners, and their dairy farmer clients with an additional toolkit that can be used in the assessment of the quality of their dairy cattle nutrition. Cow signs are behavioral, physiological, and management parameters that can be observed and measured. They are detected by examining and observing the cattle. Other physiological parameters such as fecal scoring, rumen fill, and body condition scoring are also included in \u2018cow signs\u2019. The assessment should be both qualitative and quantitative; for example, is the cattle individual lame and what is the severity of lameness. The \u2018diagnosis\u2019 of a problem should be based on establishing a farm profile of \u2018cow signs\u2019 and other relevant information. Information gathered through assessment of cow signs should be used as an advisory tool to assist and improve decision making. Cow signs can be used as part of an investigation and or farm audit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12111352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T08:50:22Z","timestamp":1653555022000},"page":"1352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Value of \u2018Cow Signs\u2019 in the Assessment of the Quality of Nutrition on Dairy Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4016-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiro Risto","family":"Petrovski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy 5371, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Cusack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Livestock Production Services, Cowra 2794, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Malmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAFFRA Veterinary Centre, Maffra 3860, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Cockcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey GU2 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cockcroft, P.D. 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