{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:46:14Z","timestamp":1787823974869,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lombardy Region as part of the Rural Development Program 2014\u20132020","award":["Measure 16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Measure 16"]}]},{"name":"Lombardy Region as part of the Rural Development Program 2014\u20132020","award":["Sub-measure 16.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sub-measure 16.1"]}]},{"name":"Lombardy Region as part of the Rural Development Program 2014\u20132020","award":["Operation 16.1.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Operation 16.1.01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring dairy cattle behavior can improve the detection of health and welfare issues for early interventions. Often commercial sensors do not provide researchers with sufficient raw and open data; therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an open and customizable system to classify cattle behaviors. A 3D accelerometer device and host-board (i.e., sensor node) were embedded in a case and fixed on a dairy cow collar. It was developed to work in two modes: (1) acquisition mode, where a mobile application supported the raw data collection during observations; and (2) operating mode, where data was processed and sent to a gateway and on the cloud. Accelerations were sampled at 25 Hz and behaviors were classified in 10-min windows. Several algorithms were trained with the 108 h of behavioral data acquired from 32 cows on 3 farms, and after evaluating their computational\/memory complexity and accuracy, the Decision Tree algorithm was selected. This model detected standing, lying, eating, and ruminating with an average accuracy of 85.12%. The open nature of this system enables for the addition of other functions (e.g., real-time localization of cows) and the integration with other information sources, e.g., microenvironment and air quality sensors, thereby enhancing data processing potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12111447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T10:33:01Z","timestamp":1654252381000},"page":"1447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Development of a New Wearable 3D Sensor Node and Innovative Open Classification System for Dairy Cows\u2019 Behavior"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0187-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Lovarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Brandolese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1299-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisette","family":"Leliveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7886-0057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Finzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0718-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Grotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBT Systems, Via Lomellina 33, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Provolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. 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