{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T01:49:16Z","timestamp":1770515356276,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This case report aims to describe the occurrence of negative impacts of wearing nose-flap devices on beef calves subjected to the two-stage weaning method. Forty-one calves, twenty-one pure Nellore and twenty F1 Angus-Nellore, were weaned on average at 236 days of age. Commercial nose-flap devices were fitted in the nostrils of the calves (d0) to prevent suckling and removed five days later (d5). Individual body weights were assessed at d0 and d5, and average daily gain (ADG) was calculated. At d5, during nose-flap device removal, it was noted that 26.8% of the calves lost the nose-flap device; however, all of them had wounds in their nostrils (no injuries in the nostrils had been observed on d0). To assess the severity of these injuries, an impairment score was assigned to each calf, ranging from 1 = no lesions to 5 = injured with purulent discharge. A logistic regression model was fitted to evaluate the effect of sex and genetic group on nose-flap retention (kept or lost). The retention rate did not differ (p &gt; 0.05) between sex and genetic groups. All calves showed at least open wounds of the nasal septum (score 2), including those that lost the nose-flaps before d5. Almost half of the calves showed weight loss during this period. We conclude that there is a considerable risk of the two-stage weaning method compromising the physical integrity of the nostrils of beef calves through the use of these devices, and due to this, it should not be referred to as a low-stress weaning practice for beef calves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12111452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T09:42:32Z","timestamp":1654335752000},"page":"1452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Nose-Flap Devices Used for Two-Stage Weaning Produce Wounds in the Nostrils of Beef Calves: Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2418-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago S.","family":"Valente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2H1, Canada"},{"name":"Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas R. B.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-0305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Macitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-000, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0088-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateus J. R.","family":"Paranhos da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2H1, Canada"},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Bras\u00edlia 71605-001, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-53-28","article-title":"Minimising the stress of weaning of beef calves: A review","volume":"53","author":"Ungerfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2019.1594825","article-title":"Weaning management of beef calves with implications for animal health and welfare","volume":"47","author":"Lynch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. 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