{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T01:15:01Z","timestamp":1768612501809,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dynamic upper airway obstructions (DUAO) are common in racehorses, but their pathogenetic mechanisms have not been completely clarified yet. Multiple studies suggest that alterations of the pharyngo-laryngeal region visible at resting endoscopy may be predictive of the onset of DUAO, and the development of DUAO may be associated with pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH), lower airway inflammation (LAI) and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). The present study aims to investigate the possible relationship between the findings of a complete resting evaluation of the upper and lower airways and DUAO. In this retrospective study, 360 racehorses (Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds) referred for poor performance or abnormal respiratory noises were enrolled and underwent a diagnostic protocol including resting and high-speed treadmill endoscopy, cytological examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and radiographic assessment of the epiglottis length. In this population, epiglottis flaccidity was associated with dorsal displacement of the soft palate, while no relationship was detected between DUAO and epiglottis length. No associations were detected between DUAO and PLH, LAI or EIPH. In conclusion, it is likely that epiglottis plays a role in upper airway stability, while airways inflammation does not seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of DUAO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T01:48:12Z","timestamp":1655430492000},"page":"1563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Upper and Lower Airways Evaluation and Its Relationship with Dynamic Upper Airway Obstruction in Racehorses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9964-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara Maria","family":"Lo Feudo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory \u201cFranco Tradati\u201d, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Stancari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6962-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Collavo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freelance DVM, Rheinbacher Stra\u00dfe 24, 53919 Weilerswist, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2056-5426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Stucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Conturba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0494-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrica","family":"Zucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory \u201cFranco Tradati\u201d, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7285-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ferrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory \u201cFranco Tradati\u201d, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12028","article-title":"Respiratory diseases and their effects on respiratory function and exercise capacity","volume":"45","author":"Franklin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406778400619","article-title":"Dynamic obstructions of the equine upper respiratory tract. Part 2: Comparison of endoscopic findings at rest and during high-speed treadmill exercise of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"38","author":"Lane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X330329","article-title":"Implications of different degrees of arytenoid cartilage abduction on equine upper airway characteristics","volume":"40","author":"Rakesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.554","article-title":"Causes of poor performance of horses during training, racing, or showing: 348 cases (1992\u20131996)","volume":"216","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406778400583","article-title":"Dynamic obstructions of the equine upper respiratory tract. Part 1: Observations during high-speed treadmill endoscopy of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"38","author":"Lane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00666.x","article-title":"Respiratory responses to exercise in the horse","volume":"44","author":"Franklin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo Feudo, C.M., Stucchi, L., Cavicchioli, P., Stancari, G., Conturba, B., Zucca, E., and Ferrucci, F. (2022). Association between dynamic upper airway obstructions and fitness parameters in Standardbred racehorses during high-speed treadmill exercise. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223228"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12432","article-title":"Assessment of dynamic upper respiratory tract function in the equine athlete","volume":"29","author":"Franklin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00276.x","article-title":"Physiological measurements and prevalence of lower airway diseases in Trotters with dorsal displacement of the soft palate","volume":"42","author":"Deniau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2018.04.008","article-title":"Upper Airway Conditions Affecting the Equine Athlete","volume":"34","author":"Parente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.06.011","article-title":"High-speed treadmill videoendoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract in the horse: The results of 291 clinical cases","volume":"170","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12004","article-title":"Characteristics of palatal instability in Thoroughbred racehorses and their association with the development of dorsal displacement of the soft palate","volume":"45","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"677","article-title":"Persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate associated with epiglottic shortening in two horses","volume":"179","author":"Haynes","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00516.x","article-title":"Complex dynamic upper airway collapse: Associations between abnormalities in 99 harness racehorses with one or more dynamic disorders","volume":"44","author":"Strand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.6.669","article-title":"Endoscopic evaluation of arytenoid function and epiglottic structure in Thoroughbred yearlings and association with racing performance at two to four years of age: 2954 cases (1998\u20132001)","volume":"236","author":"Garrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2002.36009","article-title":"Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate in 92 Horses During High-Speed Treadmill Examination (1993\u20131998)","volume":"31","author":"Parente","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"170","article-title":"Correlation between standing endoscopic examinations and those made during high-speed exercise in horses\u2014150 cases","volume":"41","author":"Parente","year":"1995","journal-title":"AAEP Proc."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1660","article-title":"Radiographic assessment of epiglottic length and pharyngeal and laryngeal diameters in the Thoroughbred","volume":"44","author":"Linford","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.03.269","article-title":"Measurement of upper airway pressures in exercising horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate","volume":"56","author":"Rehder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30266-3","article-title":"Upper respiratory causes of exercise intolerance","volume":"12","author":"Beard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.57.409","article-title":"Prevalence of Upper Respiratory Tract disorders detected with a flexible videoendoscope in Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"57","author":"Hobo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1995.tb15020.x","article-title":"Endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract during treadmill exercise: A clinical study of 100 horses","volume":"72","author":"Kannegieter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00108.x","article-title":"Correlation of resting and exercising endoscopic findings for horses with dynamic laryngeal collapse and palatal dysfunction","volume":"43","author":"Barakzai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"9","article-title":"Review of seven cases of ulcers of the soft palate","volume":"18","author":"Gille","year":"1996","journal-title":"Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20060507","article-title":"The equine nasopharynx in dynamic upper airway disorders: An update","volume":"22","author":"Tessier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.04.504","article-title":"Effect of bilateral blockade of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve on soft palate function in horses","volume":"59","author":"Holcombe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"595","article-title":"A resting and dynamic endoscopy as diagnostic tools in decreasing training capacity in horses\u2014A review","volume":"34","author":"Tomaszewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05456.x","article-title":"Physiological measurements and upper and lower respiratory tract evaluation in French Standardbred Trotters during a standardised exercise test on the treadmill","volume":"34","author":"Pronost","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05186.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses","volume":"30","author":"Holcombe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00492.x","article-title":"Dynamic respiratory videoendoscopy in ridden sport horses: Effect of head flexion, riding and airway inflammation in 129 cases","volume":"43","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.103308","article-title":"Asthmatic Disease as an Underlying Cause of Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate in Horses","volume":"96","author":"Joo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.f2934","article-title":"Dynamic endoscopy of the equine upper airway\u2014What is significant?","volume":"172","author":"Trope","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"203","article-title":"The occurrence of dynamic structural disorders in the pharynx and larynx, at rest and during exercise, in horses diagnosed with mild and moderate Equine Asthma (Inflammatory Airway Disease)","volume":"21","author":"Wysocka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.538","article-title":"Clinical signs, evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and assessment of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease","volume":"62","author":"Couetil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X366121","article-title":"Influence of subclinical inflammatory airway disease on equine respiratory function evaluated by impulse oscillometry","volume":"41","author":"Richard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(88)80103-5","article-title":"Upper airway obstruction partial asphyxia as possible cause of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in the horse: An hypothesis","volume":"8","author":"Cook","year":"1988","journal-title":"Equine. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05183.x","article-title":"Pulmonary capillary pressure in horses undergoing alteration of pleural pressure by imposition of various upper airway resistive loads","volume":"31","author":"Ducharme","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.03.003","article-title":"Exercising Blood Gas Analysis, Dynamic Upper Respiratory Tract Obstruction, and Postexercising Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology. A Comparative Study in Poor Performing Horses","volume":"31","author":"Davidson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"McGorum, B., Dixon, P., Robinson, E., and Schumacher, J. (2007). Disorders of the Nasopharynx and Soft Palate. Equine Respiratory Medicine and Surgery, Saunders Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2004.tb00323.x","article-title":"Consensus statements on equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy: Conclusions of the Havemeyer Workshop. September 2003, Stratford- upon-Avon","volume":"16","author":"Robinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VERC.0000014188.64851.34","article-title":"Treadmill Endoscopic Findings in 15 Racehorses Presented for Poor Performance","volume":"27","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(02)00072-X","article-title":"Disorders of the larynx","volume":"19","author":"Parente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, J.A., Colles, C.M., Dyson, S.J., Kold, S.E., and Poulos, P.W. (2000). The Head. Clinical Radiology of the Horse, Blackwell Science Ltd.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470690390"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.596","article-title":"Tracheobronchoscopic assessment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses","volume":"66","author":"Hinchcliff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164044864525","article-title":"Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: Observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume","volume":"36","author":"Gerber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo Feudo, C.M., Stucchi, L., Alberti, E., Stancari, G., Conturba, B., Zucca, E., and Ferrucci, F. (2021). The Role of Thoracic Ultrasonography and Airway Endoscopy in the Diagnosis of Equine Asthma and Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8110276"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo Feudo, C.M., Stucchi, L., Stancari, G., Alberti, E., Conturba, B., Zucca, E., and Ferrucci, F. (2022). Associations between Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) and Fitness Parameters Measured by Incremental Treadmill Test in Standardbred Racehorses. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12040449"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02749.x","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of poor performance in the racehorse: The results of 275 evaluations","volume":"23","author":"Morris","year":"1991","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12620","article-title":"Overground endoscopy in 311 Thoroughbred racehorses: Findings and correlation to resting laryngeal function","volume":"95","author":"Davison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v85i1.1140","article-title":"Dynamic upper respiratory abnormalities in Thoroughbred racehorses in South Africa","volume":"85","author":"Mirazo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20180302","article-title":"Frequencies of dynamic obstructions of the upper respiratory tract in 135 Thoroughbreds during on-board exercise endoscopy","volume":"3","author":"Oellers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05457.x","article-title":"Dynamic upper airway changes and arterial blood gas parameters during treadmill exercise","volume":"34","author":"Durando","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05598.x","article-title":"Correlations between exercising arterial blood gas values, tracheal wash findings and upper respiratory tract abnormalities in horses presented for poor performance","volume":"36","author":"Durando","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Ordidge, R.M. (2001, January 19\u201323). The treatment of dorsal displacement of the soft palate by thermal cautery: A review of 252 cases. Proceedings of the 2001 World Equine Airways Symposium, Edingurgh, UK."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00562.x","article-title":"Dynamic respiratory endoscopy of Standardbred racehorses during qualifying races","volume":"44","author":"Priest","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12468","article-title":"A call for consensus on upper airway terminology","volume":"47","author":"Barnett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12987","article-title":"Meta-analysis evaluating resting laryngeal endoscopy as a diagnostic tool for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in the equine athlete","volume":"51","author":"Elliot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12061","article-title":"Comparison of dynamic and resting endoscopy of the upper portion of the respiratory tract in 57 Thoroughbred yearlings","volume":"45","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00788.x","article-title":"Endoscopic Assessment of Airway Inflammation in Horses","volume":"25","author":"Koblinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406777749191","article-title":"Effect of tracheal mucus and tracheal cytology on racing performance in Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"38","author":"Holcombe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2746\/042516401776249606","article-title":"Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses","volume":"33","author":"Holcombe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/12\/1563\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:33:35Z","timestamp":1760139215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/12\/1563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12121563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12121563","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]}}}