{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:12:31Z","timestamp":1792073551363,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["2021JJ30335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30335"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["21A0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21A0141"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["202147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202147"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department, China","award":["2021JJ30335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30335"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department, China","award":["21A0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21A0141"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department, China","award":["202147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202147"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project of Hunan Agricultural University","award":["2021JJ30335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30335"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project of Hunan Agricultural University","award":["21A0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21A0141"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project of Hunan Agricultural University","award":["202147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202147"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sparganosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larvae (spargana) of the genus Spirometra, which is widely distributed globally and threatens human health. More than 60 species of Spirometra have already been identified, and over 2000 cases have been reported. This review summarizes the prevalence of humans, frogs, snakes, and other animals with spargana. Furthermore, the infection mode, distribution, and site are summarized and analyzed. We also describe the epidemiology, molecular diagnosis, and other aspects which are of considerable significance to preventing sparganum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T09:51:11Z","timestamp":1655545871000},"page":"1578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Prevention of Sparganosis in Asia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8257-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial the Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengfang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junlin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial the Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial the Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8166-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yisong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial the Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2017.06.003","article-title":"Comparative mitochondrial genomics among Spirometra (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) and the molecular phylogeny of related tapeworms","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1036","article-title":"Sparganosis (Spirometra) in Europe in the Molecular Era","volume":"72","author":"Kuchta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kuchta, R., and Scholz, T. (2017). Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (2008\u20132017): Tapeworms from Vertebrate Bowels of the Earth, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas. Special Publication No. 25."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.4.503","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Spirometra decipiens in the United States","volume":"54","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.03.011","article-title":"Human sparganosis in Thailand: An overview","volume":"118","author":"Anantaphruti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.10.001","article-title":"Sparganosis in mainland China","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e273","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e273","article-title":"Human Sparganosis in Korea","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0236","article-title":"Thirty-seven human cases of Sparganosis from Ethiopia and South Sudan caused by Spirometra spp.","volume":"93","author":"Eberhard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"357","article-title":"One case of sparganosis in a young child","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"127","article-title":"The treatment and nursing of a case of sparganosis in a child","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. J. Chin. People\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3","article-title":"One case of sparganosis in infant","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1478","article-title":"A case of multiple serous cavity effusion caused by infection of sparganum was reviewed","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mod. Pract. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0510-3","article-title":"The genome of the sparganosis tapeworm Spirometra erinaceieuropaei isolated from the biopsy of a migrating brain lesion","volume":"15","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00133-4","article-title":"Human sparganosis, a neglected food borne zoonosis","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2019.102036","article-title":"Human proliferative sparganosis update","volume":"75","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L.N., Wang, Z.Q., Zhang, X., Jiang, P., Qi, X., Liu, R.D., Zhang, Z.F., and Cui, J. (2015). Characterization of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Plerocercoid Cysteine Protease and Potential Application for Serodiagnosis of Sparganosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003807"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1992.30.3.227","article-title":"Component proteins and protease activities in excretory-secretory product of sparganum","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"1992","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L.N., Cui, J., Zhang, X., Wei, T., Jiang, P., and Wang, Z.Q. (2013). Analysis of structures, functions, and epitopes of cysteine protease from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Spargana. Biomed. Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/198250"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2015.1123901","article-title":"A waterborn zoonotic helminthiase in an Italian diver: A case report of a cutaneous Sparganum infection and review of European cases","volume":"109","author":"Bracaglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"567","article-title":"Subcutaneous sparganosis-a case report and a review of human sparganosis in Taiwan","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01328-16","article-title":"The Brief Case: Central Nervous System Sparganosis in a 53-Year-Old Thai Man","volume":"55","author":"Carlson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, D., Wang, M., Chen, X., and Tuo, H.Z. (2019). A case report: 1-year follow-up of cerebral Spirometra mansoni with a stroke-like onset. BMC Neurol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1335-1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2012006790","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-006790","article-title":"Sparganosis of liver: A rare entity and review of literature","volume":"2012","author":"Khurana","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"E120","article-title":"Pulmonary Spirometra mansoni: A case report from a non-endemic region","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.3478","article-title":"Sparganosis presenting as pericardial effusion and lung lesions","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4776","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i19.4776","article-title":"Endoscopic resection of sparganosis presenting as colon submucosal tumor: A case report","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2019.57.2.179","article-title":"Breast Sparganosis Presenting with a Painless Breast Lump: Report of Two Cases","volume":"57","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.149930","article-title":"Ocular sparganosis from Assam","volume":"5","author":"Nath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X., Hu, J., Sun, G., Ding, B., and Feng, L. (2018). Orbital sparganosis in an 8-year boy: A case report. BMC Ophthalmol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0675-8"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"395","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation and research status of Spirometra mannii in China","volume":"32","author":"Tong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. School Dr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"629","article-title":"Preliminary investigation on parasite infection of king snake and red chain snake in Shanghai","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Shanghai Norm. Univ."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"227","article-title":"A case of sparganosis of the brain in a child","volume":"33","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"53","article-title":"A case of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei of tapeworm dimagenia mandii and literature review","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trop. Dis. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1197","article-title":"Clinical analysis of 15 cases of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei","volume":"19","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"933","article-title":"A case of Sparganosis with measles was reported","volume":"27","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhejiang J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"69","article-title":"A case of lungmann\u2019s Sparganosis","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rural. Med. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"103","article-title":"Ultrasonographic manifestations of pericardial effusion caused by sparganum in 1 case","volume":"18","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"37","article-title":"Molecular identification and genetic analysis of sparganum from snakes in Fujian province","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Progress Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"186","article-title":"Nursing care after removal of live worms from a child with cerebral infection of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurs. Rehabil. J."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"2599","article-title":"One case of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei after drowning","volume":"40","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhejiang Med. J."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"199","article-title":"Pathogen identification and epidemiological analysis of adult tapeworms infected with Taenia mandii in human","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"311","article-title":"Clinical radiology","volume":"34","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"154","article-title":"Visceral sparganosis was misdiagnosed as tuberculous pericarditis","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Intensive Med."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2970","article-title":"A case of treatment for sparganosis of mammary gland","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pract. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"104","article-title":"Subcutaneous infection of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei in human shoulder: A case report","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Huanggang Polytech."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"119","article-title":"A case of sparganosis of brain and literature review","volume":"23","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clinic. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"363","article-title":"A case of Sparganosis erinaceieuropaei was reported","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hubei Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1313","article-title":"Double infection of Schistosoma japonicum with Sparganosis erinaceieuropaei","volume":"41","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Guangxi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"80","article-title":"One case of Sparganosis erinaceieuropaei infection with metacercosis","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hubei Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"584","article-title":"Ultrasonography was used to diagnose 1 case of subcutaneous recurrence of sparganosis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Assoc. Ultrasound Med. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3583","article-title":"One case of Sparganosis","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"200","article-title":"A case of infection of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei of Manchuria breast","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"122","article-title":"Two cases of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei in nervous system","volume":"22","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"439","article-title":"A case of hypodermic schistosomiasis","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"502","article-title":"Characteristics and surgical treatment strategies of Sparganosis","volume":"23","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Minim. Invasive Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1504","article-title":"One case of Sparganosis","volume":"40","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Guangxi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"147","article-title":"One case of Sparganosis of Manchuria","volume":"42","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci. Yanbian Univ."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"480","article-title":"Diagnosis of Cercariae montesiae in mammary gland with automatic total volume imaging","volume":"34","author":"Pu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"51","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 24 cases of Sparganosis","volume":"2016","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Zoological. Societ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.1.0129","article-title":"Cerebral sparganosis diagnosed and treated with stereotactic techniques. Report of two cases","volume":"78","author":"Tsai","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2013.833253","article-title":"Ocular sparganosis mimicking an orbital idiopathic inflammatory syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(01)00071-X","article-title":"Phylogenetic identification of Spirometra proliferum as a pseudophyllidean cestode by the sequence analyses on mitochondrial COI and nuclear sdhB genes","volume":"50","author":"Miyadera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0406","article-title":"Case report: Molecular diagnosis of subcutaneous Spirometra erinaceieuropaei sparganosis in a japanese immigrant","volume":"88","author":"Tappe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2304.160791","article-title":"Molecular identification of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei tapeworm in cases of human sparganosis, Hong Kong","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"121","article-title":"Case of Sparganum mansoni infection in man and distribution of Diphyllobothrium erinacei in cats and dogs in Miyagi Prefecture","volume":"80","author":"Huang","year":"1970","journal-title":"Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"103","article-title":"A case of Sparganosis mansoni in the thigh: Serological validation of cure following surgery","volume":"7","author":"Chiba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0178","article-title":"Nine human sparganosis cases in Thailand with molecular identification of causative parasite species","volume":"91","author":"Boonyasiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.22146","article-title":"Sparganosis of the breast and lower extremities: Sonographic appearance","volume":"42","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.1.69","article-title":"Intramuscular sparganosis in the gastrocnemius muscle: A case report","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.7.1018","article-title":"A case report of testicular sparganosis misdiagnosed as testicular tumor","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2007.00349.x","article-title":"Case of subcutaneous sparganosis: Use of imaging in definitive preoperative diagnosis","volume":"34","author":"Sarukawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2003.1110208.x","article-title":"Human sparganosis in Italy. Case report and review of the European cases","volume":"111","author":"Pampiglione","year":"2003","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Chen, X.B. (2002). Modern Parasitology: Release 1, People\u2019s Military Medical Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"182","article-title":"Investigation on the infection of S. mansonoides in frog in Shangrao area","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"36","article-title":"Investigation of natural infection of the frog species in Ya\u2019an city with Spirometra erinaceieuropaei","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"81","article-title":"An Investigation of Natural Infection of Schizothora mansii in Changxing County, Zhejiang Province. Chin","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"787","article-title":"Survey on the infection of frog Manchurian head maggot in part of Henan Province","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pathogen Bio."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"30","article-title":"Investigation on sparganum infection of Rana nigromaculata in Chenzhou city, Hunan province","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hunan J. Anim. Sci. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"862","article-title":"Survey and genetic variation of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei sparganum in frogs and snakes from Guangxi of southern China","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Hong, X., Liu, S.N., Jiang, P., Zhao, S.C., Sun, C.X., Wang, Z.Q., and Cui, J. (2020). Large-scale survey of a neglected agent of sparganosis Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in wild frogs in China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008019"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"62","article-title":"Research overview and prevention and control measures of Cercariasis mansonii in Frogs in China","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Guangdong For. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.06.005","article-title":"Survey of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana infection in the frog Rana nigromaculata of the Hunan Province of China","volume":"173","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"5","article-title":"Investigation on the infection of Mannius cercariae in frog and snake in parts of Guizhou province","volume":"1","author":"Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Guizhou Norm. Univ."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"82","article-title":"Investigation on the infection status of the frog Manchuria streptococcus in Henan province","volume":"24","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"80","article-title":"Analysis on the infection of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei in snakes in Guangdong province","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Guangdong For. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"126","article-title":"Investigation on infection of frog and snake in Nanning city, Guangxi","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"87","article-title":"On the Sparganum Mansoni infection In Some Korean terrestrial snakes","volume":"11","author":"Ho","year":"1973","journal-title":"Kisaengchunghak Chapchi"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. (2018). Investigation on the Status of Serpentine Industry and Infection Rate of Cercariae in Guizhou Province. . [Master\u2019s Thesis, Guizhou Medical University]."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"612","article-title":"Investigation on the infection of Manchuria cercariae in frog and snake in Hangzhou","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"178","article-title":"Preliminary investigation on infection of Cercariae in Zhanjiang snake","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Guangdong Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"67","article-title":"Investigation on the infection of the cercariae in Sichuan wild animal","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"593","article-title":"Infection of the cercariae in Shanghai Zoo","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"172","article-title":"Investigation on infection and population knowledge, attitude and behavior of Manchuria cercariae in Tongxiang, Zhejiang Province","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"2939","article-title":"Investigation on the infection of Plercariae mansonii in Rana serrata in Kaihua County","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Health Lab."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X20000139","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana in snakes in Hunan Province, China","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"29","article-title":"Harm and control of the split-headed spider on the white-browed viper","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"1990","journal-title":"Spec. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.11.002","article-title":"Severe infection of adult dogs with helminths in Hunan Province, China poses significant public health concerns","volume":"160","author":"Dai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"63","article-title":"Schizocephaluscrucianus found in ducks","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chin. Vet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.04.004","article-title":"Environmental conditions predict helminth prevalence in red foxes in Western Australia","volume":"2","author":"Dybing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2012.08.003","article-title":"Disseminated sparganosis in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis)","volume":"148","author":"Bauchet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"299","article-title":"Infection of Cercariae mansonii by hedgehogs","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasite. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-012-0036-3","article-title":"Molecular identification of Diphyllobothrium latum and a brief review of diphyllobothriosis in China","volume":"57","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2015.53.3.299","article-title":"Human infections with Spirometra decipiens plerocercoids identified by morphologic and genetic analyses in Korea","volume":"53","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.2.181","article-title":"Genetic identification of Spirometra decipiens plerocercoids in terrestrial snakes from Korea and China","volume":"54","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2018.56.3.275","article-title":"Genetic and morphologic identification of Spirometra ranarum in Myanmar","volume":"56","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2018.56.3.295","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of human sparganosis using multiplex PCR","volume":"56","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2018.56.4.359","article-title":"Molecular Genetic Findings of Spirometra decipiens and S. ranarum in Korea","volume":"56","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2018.56.1.87","article-title":"Spirometradecipiens (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) Collected in A Heavily Infected Stray Cat from the Republic of Korea","volume":"56","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2019.11.008","article-title":"Axillary sparganosis, changes in ultrasound images over six months: A case report","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Ye, L., Ding, X., Wu, J., and Chen, Y. (2019). Cerebral sparganosis presenting with atypical postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging findings: A case report and literature review. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4396-2"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.5.541","article-title":"Eosinophilic pleuritis due to sparganum: A case report","volume":"52","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.03.014","article-title":"Eosinophilic pleural effusion due to Spirometra mansoni spargana: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"34","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0211","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Sparganosis in Rural Communities of Northern Tanzania","volume":"95","author":"Kavana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X1100037X","article-title":"Sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA regions of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana of human and animal health significance","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"92","article-title":"Study on the Polymorphism of Partial Sequence of Mitochondrial Nad1 Gene in Hedgehog Palace Tadpoles","volume":"38","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X11000319","article-title":"Sequence variability in two mitochondrial DNA regions and internal transcribed spacer among three cestodes infecting animals and humans from China","volume":"86","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"725","article-title":"Analysis of phylogenetic relationship of Schizophyllum spp. Based on nad5 gene","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"74","article-title":"Analysis of phylogenetic relationship of Schizophyllum spp. Based on prrns gene sequence","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Economic. Anima"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"167","article-title":"Analysis of phylogenetic relationship of Schizochydra serrata based on ITS gene","volume":"40","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"1924","article-title":"Analysis of the phylogenetic relationship of Schizophyllum spp. based on ITS gene","volume":"37","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"448","article-title":"Study on Polymorphisms of Mitochondrial pnad1 Gene Sequences in Different Species of Snake-headed Salamander from Hunan Province","volume":"37","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Parasitol. Parasit. Mag."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90109-W","article-title":"Genetic variants within the genus Echinococcus identified by mitochondrial DNA sequencing","volume":"54","author":"Bowles","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.07.025","article-title":"Characterisation of the relationship between Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and Diphyllobothrium species using complete cytb and cox1 genes","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Cui, J., Liu, L.N., Jiang, P., Wang, H., Qi, X., Wu, X.Q., and Wang, Z.Q. (2015). Genetic structure analysis of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei isolates from central and southern China. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119295"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00147-8","article-title":"A comparison of the internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA for Eubothrium crassum and Eubothrium salvelini (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea), parasites of salmonid fish","volume":"31","author":"Scholz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00226-4","article-title":"Characterisation of Ascaris from human and pig hosts by nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/jzs.12319","article-title":"Genetic diversity of two mitochondrial DNA genes in Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothridae) from Poland","volume":"57","author":"Stojak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/12\/1578\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:34:45Z","timestamp":1760139285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/12\/1578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12121578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12121578","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]}}}