{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:31:18Z","timestamp":1787959878935,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station"},{"name":"North Dakota State Board of Agricultural Research and Education Graduate Research Assistantship program"},{"name":"Purina Animal Nutrition LLC (Land O\u2019Lakes, Inc., Arden Hills, MN, USA)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thirty-five crossbred Angus heifers (initial BW = 359.5 \u00b1 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial design to evaluate effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation [VMSUP; supplemented (VTM) vs. unsupplemented (NoVTM)] and different rates of gain [GAIN; low gain (LG), 0.28 kg\/d, vs. moderate gain (MG), 0.79 kg\/d] during the first 83 d of gestation on dam hormone and metabolic status, fetal tissue and organ mass, and concentration of glucose and fructose in fetal fluids. The VMSUP was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI), allowing time for mineral status of heifers to be altered in advance of breeding. At AI heifers were assigned their GAIN treatment. Heifers received treatments until the time of ovariohysterectomy (d 83 \u00b1 0.27 after AI). Throughout the experiment, serum samples were collected and analyzed for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), progesterone (P4), insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). At ovariohysterectomy, gravid reproductive tracts were collected, measurements were taken, samples of allantoic (ALF) and amniotic (AMF) fluids were collected, and fetuses were dissected. By design, MG had greater ADG compared to LG (0.85 vs. 0.34 \u00b1 0.04 kg\/d, respectively; p &lt; 0.01). Concentrations of NEFA were greater for LG than MG (p = 0.04) and were affected by a VMSUP \u00d7 day interaction (p &lt; 0.01), with greater concentrations for NoVTM on d 83. Insulin was greater for NoVTM than VTM (p = 0.01). A GAIN \u00d7 day interaction (p &lt; 0.01) was observed for IGF-1, with greater concentrations for MG on d 83. At d 83, P4 concentrations were greater for MG than LG (GAIN \u00d7 day, p &lt; 0.01), and MG had greater (p &lt; 0.01) corpus luteum weights versus LG. Even though fetal BW was not affected (p \u2265 0.27), MG fetuses had heavier (p = 0.01) femurs than LG, and VTM fetuses had heavier (p = 0.05) livers than those from NoVTM. Additionally, fetal liver as a percentage of BW was greater in fetuses from VTM (P = 0.05; 3.96 \u00b1 0.06% BW) than NoVTM (3.79 \u00b1 0.06% BW), and from LG (p = 0.04; 3.96 \u00b1 0.06% BW) than MG (3.78 \u00b1 0.06% BW). A VMSUP \u00d7 GAIN interaction was observed for fetal small intestinal weight (p = 0.03), with VTM-MG being heavier than VTM-LG. Therefore, replacement heifer nutrition during early gestation can alter the development of organs that are relevant for future offspring performance. These data imply that compensatory mechanisms are in place in the developing conceptus that can alter the growth rate of key metabolic organs possibly in an attempt to increase or decrease energy utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T11:37:08Z","timestamp":1657280228000},"page":"1757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Rate of Gain in Beef Heifers I: Effects on Dam Hormonal and Metabolic Status, Fetal Tissue and Organ Mass, and Concentration of Glucose and Fructose in Fetal Fluids at d 83 of Gestation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ana Clara","family":"B. Menezes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8526-3891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacie L.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cierrah J.","family":"Kassetas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Baumgaertner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheri T.","family":"Dorsam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6642-9449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tammi L.","family":"Neville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9774-8677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison K.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel P.","family":"Borowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6838-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence P.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin K.","family":"Sedivec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Grasslands Research and Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Streeter, ND 58483, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Chris","family":"Forcherio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purina Animal Nutrition LLC, Gray Summit, MO 63039, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purina Animal Nutrition LLC, Gray Summit, MO 63039, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel S.","family":"Caton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4556-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl R.","family":"Dahlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txy127","article-title":"Maternal nutrition and programming of offspring energy requirements","volume":"3","author":"Caton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. 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