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Important sources of aquatic pollution are illicit drugs, whose presence in waters is closely related to human consumption; their psychoactive properties and biological activity suggest potential adverse effects on non-target organisms, such as aquatic biota. In this study, we evaluated the effect of an environmentally relevant concentration of cocaine (20 ng L\u22121), an illicit drug widely found in surface waters, on the ovaries of Anguilla anguilla, a species critically endangered and able to accumulate cocaine in its tissues following chronic exposure. The following parameters were evaluated: (1) the morphology of the ovaries; (2) the presence and distribution of enzymes involved in oogenesis; (3) serum cortisol, FSH, and LH levels. The eels exposed to cocaine showed a smaller follicular area and a higher percentage of connective tissue than controls (p &lt; 0.05), as well as many previtellogenic oocytes compared with controls having numerous fully vitellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes. In addition, the presence and location of 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and P450 aromatase differed in the two groups. Finally, cocaine exposure decreased FSH and LH levels, while it increased cortisol levels. These findings show that even a low environmental concentration of cocaine affects the ovarian morphology and activity of A. anguilla, suggesting a potential impact on reproduction in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]],"date-time":"2022-07-10T21:19:28Z","timestamp":1657487968000},"page":"1766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Aquatic Pollution and Risks to Biodiversity: The Example of Cocaine Effects on the Ovaries of Anguilla anguilla"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mayana Karoline","family":"Fontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Litoral Paulista Campus, S\u00e3o Paulo State University \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho,\u201d Pra\u00e7a Infante Dom Henrique s\/n, S\u00e3o Vicente 11330-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua Maria M\u00e1ximo, 168, Santos 11030-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2472-0435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Di Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8357-8112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilo Dias Seabra","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua Maria M\u00e1ximo, 168, Santos 11030-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciane Alves","family":"Maranho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Guaruj\u00e1, Morphofunctional Laboratory, University of Rio Preto-UNAERP, Av. D. Pedro I, 3.300 Enseada Guaruj\u00e1-SP CEP, Guaruj\u00e1 11440-003, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenza","family":"Laforgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9044-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Capaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murgado-Armenteros, E.M., Gutierrez-Salcedo, M., and Torres-Ruiz, F.J. 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