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Nevertheless, the placement of GPS devices requires animal capture and handling, which may represent a challenge to the individual\u2019s survival after release, mainly due to capture myopathy. The Pyrenean Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus) is a threatened galliform especially sensitive to handling, extremely elusive, and challenging to capture. Our goal was to adapt a sedation protocol for Pyrenean Capercaillies undergoing GPS tagging, in order to increase their welfare and safety during the procedure. From 2018 to 2021, 23 wild Pyrenean Capercaillies were captured and sedated for GPS tagging as part of a European conservation project of emblematic Pyrenean avian species. The birds received intramuscular (IM) sedation with midazolam (ranging from 1.9 mg\/kg to 8.08 mg\/kg) and were handled for 20 to 40 min. Sedation was reversed with flumazenil (0.1 mg\/mL IM). The sedated capercaillies were less responsive to stimuli (i.e., closed eyes and recumbency), showing discrete to no response to handling (i.e., placement of the GPS device, physical examination, cloacal temperature measurement, or reflex tests). Such response was compared in birds with sedation doses above and below the average dose (5.17 mg\/kg). Only one clinical sign showed statistically significant differences between the two groups (\u201copen-mouth breathing\u201d sign, p = 0.02). A mortality rate of 4.35% was registered (one individual died during handling). Sedation facilitated the handling of the birds and faster interventions in the field, without increasing mortality when compared to handling without sedation. Therefore, sedation was shown to be a useful tool to reduce stress related to capture and handling of the threatened Pyrenean Capercaillie.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T21:57:53Z","timestamp":1657576673000},"page":"1773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sedation of Wild Pyrenean Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus) Using Intramuscular Midazolam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Nicol\u00e1s Francisco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestal Catalana, Ministry of Climate Action, Food and Rural Agenda (Government of Catalonia), 25595 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Afonso Jordana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Environment Department, Conselh Generau d\u2019Aran, 25530 Vielha, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Garcia Ferr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flora and Fauna Service, Department of Climatic Action, Food and Rural Agenda (Government of Catalonia), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Job","family":"Roig Sim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa Bolunya S\/N Seur\u00ed, 25567 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Ewbank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Margalida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 22700 Jaca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4169-4884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Sacrist\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Research Center, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology\u2014The Spanish National Research Council, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e9vin","family":"Foulch\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Biodiversity Agency, Dead End de la Chapelle, 31800 Villeneuve de Rivi\u00e8re, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"M\u00e9noni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Biodiversity Agency, Dead End de la Chapelle, 31800 Villeneuve de Rivi\u00e8re, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6111-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Sacrist\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Research Center, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology\u2014The Spanish National Research Council, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"BirdLife International (2022, April 29). 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