{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:07Z","timestamp":1787027467329,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-51300-25734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-51300-25734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of organic dairy farms has increased because of the increased growth of the organic market, higher organic milk price, and because some consumers prefer to purchase products from less intensive production systems. Best management practices are expected from organic dairy farms to ensure animal health and milk production. Organic dairy producers typically transition from conventional systems to avoid chemicals and pesticides, enhance economic viability, improve the environment, and increase soil fertility. Organic dairy producers respect and promote a natural environment for their animals, is also an important component of animal welfare. Organic producers have few options to mitigate pain in dairy calves. In the United States, therapies to mitigate pain for disbudded organic dairy calves are regulated by the US National Organic Program. Organic producers regularly use naturally derived alternatives for the treatment of health disorders of dairy calves, heifers, and cows. Alternative natural products may provide an option to mitigate pain in organic dairy calves. Despite the reluctance to implement pain alleviation methods, some organic farmers have expressed interest in or currently implement plant-based alternatives. Efficacy studies of alternative remedies for organic livestock are needed to verify that their use improves animal welfare. Non-effective practices represent a major challenge for organic dairy animal welfare. The relationship between humans and animals may be jeopardized during milking because first-lactation cows may exhibit adverse behaviors during the milking process, such as kicking and stomping. The periparturient period is particularly challenging for first-lactation cows. Adverse behaviors may jeopardize animal welfare and reduce safety for humans because stressed heifers may kick off the milking unit, kick at milkers, and display other unwanted behaviors in the milking parlor. This may reduce milking efficiency, overall production, and ultimately reduce the profitability of the dairy farm. Positive animal welfare is a challenging balancing act between the three overlapping ethic concerns. Identifying animal welfare deficits in organic livestock production is the first step in capitalizing on these opportunities to improve welfare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T20:52:41Z","timestamp":1657659161000},"page":"1785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Alternative Practices in Organic Dairy Production and Effects on Animal Behavior, Health, and Welfare"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3059-5765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah N.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2186-9082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Heins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, 46352 MN-329, Morris, MN 56267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1079\/RAF2005126","article-title":"A History of Organic Farming: Transitions from Sir Albert Howard\u2019s War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program","volume":"21","author":"Heckman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Renew. Agric. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, July 04). Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15221","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.221","article-title":"Organic Agriculture in the Twenty-First Century","volume":"2","author":"Reganold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Willer, E.H., and Lernoud, J. (2019, January 13\u201316). The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2019. Proceedings of the BIOFACH, Nirnberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10193","article-title":"Management Practices on Organic and Conventional Dairy Herds in Minnesota","volume":"99","author":"Sorge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731107000547","article-title":"Aggregation of Measures to Produce an Overall Assessment of Animal Welfare. Part 2: Analysis of Constraints","volume":"1","author":"Botreau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(86)90109-0","article-title":"Indicators of Poor Welfare","volume":"142","author":"Broom","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Farm Animal Welfare Council (2021, June 23). Five Freedoms, Available online: https:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20121010012427\/http:\/\/www.fawc.org.uk\/freedoms.htm."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Brambell, F.W.R. (1965). Technical Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of Animals Kept under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems Report of the Technical Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of Animals Kept under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems, Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.10.018","article-title":"A New Animal Welfare Concept Based on Allostasis","volume":"92","author":"Korte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Appleby, M.C., and Hughes, B.O. (1997). Preference and Motivation Testing. Validation of Animal Experimentation Collection, CAB International."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2005.08.005","article-title":"Natural Living\u2014A Precondition for Animal Welfare in Organic Farming","volume":"100","author":"Lund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(02)00320-2","article-title":"Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Livestock Production in Europe: Current State and Future Challenges","volume":"80","author":"Hovi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.11.018","article-title":"Preference of Dairy Cows: Indoor Cubicle Housing with Access to a Total Mixed Ration vs. Access to Pasture","volume":"130","author":"Charlton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17267","article-title":"Short Communication: Effects of Mesh Leggings on Fly Pressure and Fly Avoidance Behaviors of Pastured Dairy Cows","volume":"103","author":"Perttu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12724","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20366","article-title":"Genetic Parameters and Genomic Regions Associated with Horn Fly Resistance in Organic Holstein Cattle","volume":"104","author":"Basiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-017-1468-0","article-title":"Heat Stress in Cows at Pasture and Benefit of Shade in a Temperate Climate Region","volume":"62","author":"Veissier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18821","article-title":"Evaluation of Solar Photovoltaic Systems to Shade Cows in a Pasture-Based Dairy Herd","volume":"104","author":"Sharpe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9031","article-title":"Parasites and Parasite Management Practices of Organic and Conventional Dairy Herds in Minnesota","volume":"98","author":"Sorge","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6055","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21249","article-title":"Toward On-Farm Measurement of Personality Traits and Their Relationships to Behavior and Productivity of Grazing Dairy Cattle","volume":"105","author":"Neave","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titterington, F.M., Knox, R., Buijs, S., Lowe, D.E., Morrison, S.J., Lively, F.O., and Shirali, M. (2022). Human\u2013Animal Interactions with Bos Taurus Cattle and Their Impacts on On-Farm Safety: A Systematic Review. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060776"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3390\/ani3041021","article-title":"Animal Health and Welfare Issues Facing Organic Production Systems","volume":"3","author":"Sutherland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7766","article-title":"Comparison of Selected Animal Observations and Management Practices Used to Assess Welfare of Calves and Adult Dairy Cows on Organic and Conventional Dairy Farms","volume":"97","author":"Bergman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104799","article-title":"Bovine Veterinarians\u2019 Perspective on Organic Livestock Production in the USA","volume":"184","author":"Sorge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1733","article-title":"Preference and Usage of Pasture versus Free-Stall Housing by Lactating Dairy Cattle","volume":"92","author":"Legrand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6421","article-title":"The Motivation of Dairy Cows for Access to Pasture","volume":"96","author":"Charlton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.24.2.1587","article-title":"Science-Based Assessment of Animal Welfare: Farm Animals","volume":"24","author":"Duncan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(88)90047-0","article-title":"Behavioural Deprivation: A Central Problem in Animal Welfare","volume":"20","author":"Dawkins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44953","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44953","article-title":"Dairy Cows Value Access to Pasture as Highly as Fresh Feed","volume":"7","author":"Franks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s13165-020-00334-y","article-title":"Health and Welfare in Organic Livestock Production Systems\u2014A Systematic Mapping of Current Knowledge","volume":"11","author":"Gunnarsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Org. Agric."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6983","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-5211","article-title":"The Effect of Training First-Lactation Heifers to the Milking Parlor on the Behavioral Reactivity to Humans and the Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Milking and Productivity","volume":"95","author":"Sutherland","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)72626-7","article-title":"Treatment Practices and Quantification of Antimicrobial Drug Usage in Conventional and Organic Dairy Farms in Wisconsin","volume":"90","author":"Pol","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1217","article-title":"Management of Mastitis on Organic and Conventional Dairy Farms","volume":"87","author":"Ruegg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.24.4.399","article-title":"Stakeholder Views on Treating Pain Due to Dehorning Dairy Calves","volume":"24","author":"Robbins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10806-014-9523-x","article-title":"Animal Welfare Concerns and Values of Stakeholders Within the Dairy Industry","volume":"28","author":"Ventura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Environ. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"USDA (2014). Dairy 2014, Health and Management Practices on U.S. Dairy Operations, 2014."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6894","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6128","article-title":"Dairy Producer Attitudes to Pain in Cattle in Relation to Disbudding Calves","volume":"96","author":"Wikman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2015.05.014","article-title":"To Be or Not to Be Horned\u2014Consequences in Cattle","volume":"179","author":"Knierim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5724","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4443","article-title":"The Dehorning of Dairy Calves: Practices and Opinions of 639 Farmers","volume":"94","author":"Gottardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2015.05.012","article-title":"Attitudes of Farmers towards Cattle Dehorning","volume":"179","author":"Knierim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2015.05.011","article-title":"Dehorning of Cattle in the EU Member States: A Quantitative Survey of the Current Practices","volume":"179","author":"Cozzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2021-0138","article-title":"Effects of Oral White Willow Bark (Salix Alba) and Intravenous Flunixin Meglumine on Prostaglandin E2 in Healthy Dairy Calves","volume":"3","author":"Phillips","year":"2022","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.11.001","article-title":"Bovine Dehorning: Assessing Pain and Providing Analgesic Management","volume":"29","author":"Stock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Farmers Assuring Responsible Management Animal Care Reference Manual, National Dairy FARM Program. Available online: https:\/\/nationaldairyfarm.com\/farm-animal-care-version-4\u20130."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72813-7","article-title":"Calf Response to Caustic Paste and Hot-Iron Dehorning Using Sedation with and Without Local Anesthetic","volume":"88","author":"Vickers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(95)00569-E","article-title":"Effect of Dehorning on Behaviour and Plasma Cortisol Responses in Young Calves","volume":"43","author":"Morisse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10144","article-title":"Invited Review: Effects of Group Housing of Dairy Calves on Behavior, Cognition, Performance, and Health","volume":"99","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.1998.0284","article-title":"Behavioural, Endocrine and Cardiac Responses in Young Calves Undergoing Dehorning without and with Use of Sedation and Analgesia","volume":"158","author":"Simonsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.02.005","article-title":"Dehorning and Disbudding Distress and Its Alleviation in Calves","volume":"169","author":"Stafford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.018","article-title":"Addressing the Pain Associated with Disbudding and Dehorning in Cattle","volume":"135","author":"Stafford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.11.044","article-title":"Eye Temperature and Heart Rate Variability of Calves Disbudded with or without Local Anaesthetic","volume":"93","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neave, H.W., Daros, R.R., Costa, J.H.C., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., and Weary, D.M. (2013). Pain and Pessimism: Dairy Calves Exhibit Negative Judgement Bias Following Hot-Iron Disbudding. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080556"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10361","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14987","article-title":"The Effect of Disbudding Age on Healing and Pain Sensitivity in Dairy Calves","volume":"101","author":"Adcock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.11.010","article-title":"Can Disbudding of Calves (One versus Four Weeks of Age) Induce Chronic Pain?","volume":"199","author":"Casoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14092","article-title":"Effects of Local Anesthetic or Systemic Analgesia on Pain Associated with Cautery Disbudding in Calves: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"101","author":"Winder","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/35093019","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Nociception","volume":"413","author":"Julius","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2014.11.002","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacology of Analgesic Drugs in Cattle","volume":"31","author":"Stock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2429","article-title":"de A Survey of Dairy Calf Management Practices in Canada That Affect Animal Welfare","volume":"93","author":"Vasseur","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2021, November 10). Code of Federal Regulations, Code of Federal Regulations, CFR 7\u00a7205.603: Synthetic Substances Allowed for Use in Organic Livestock Production, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-7\/subtitle-B\/chapter-I\/subchapter-M\/part-205\/subpart-G."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.04.013","article-title":"Identifying and Preventing Pain in Animals","volume":"100","author":"Weary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.08.004","article-title":"A Comparison of Sedative Effects of Xylazine Alone or Combined with Levomethadone or Ketamine in Calves Prior to Disbudding","volume":"48","author":"Adam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7519","article-title":"Short Communication: Calf Body Temperature Following Chemical Disbudding with Sedation: Effects of Milk Allowance and Supplemental Heat","volume":"97","author":"Vasseur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19689","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Effects of Xylazine Sedation in 2- to 6-Week-Old Dairy Calves Disbudded with a Cautery Iron","volume":"104","author":"Reedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7340","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6690","article-title":"Assessing the Research and Education Needs of the Organic Dairy Industry in the Northeastern United States","volume":"96","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, H.N., and Heins, B.J. (2021). Evaluation of an Herbal Therapy to Alleviate Acute Pain and Stress of Disbudded Dairy Calves under Organic Management. Transl. Anim. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab044"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7426","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9377","article-title":"Invited Review: Changes in the Dairy Industry Affecting Dairy Cattle Health and Welfare","volume":"98","author":"Barkema","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.2527\/1994.7271891x","article-title":"Function of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and the Sympathetic Nervous System in Models of Acute Stress in Domestic Farm Animals","volume":"72","author":"Minton","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.12.003","article-title":"Exploration of the Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Adrenal Function as a Tool to Evaluate Animal Welfare","volume":"92","author":"Andanson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75084-3","article-title":"Reducing Pain After Dehorning in Dairy Calves","volume":"83","author":"Faulkner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00869.x","article-title":"Attenuation of Acute Plasma Cortisol Response in Calves Following Intravenous Sodium Salicylate Administration Prior to Castration","volume":"30","author":"Coetzee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.10.1305","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Physiologic Effects of Intramuscularly Administered Xylazine Hydrochloride-Ketamine Hydrochloride-Butorphanol Tartrate Alone or in Combination with Orally Administered Sodium Salicylate on Biomarkers of Pain in Holstein Calves Following Castration and Dehorning","volume":"72","author":"Baldridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.73804","article-title":"Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Pain Relief","volume":"1","author":"Maroon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.873","article-title":"HPLC-MS\/MS Analysis of Willow Bark Extracts Contained in Pharmaceutical Preparations","volume":"16","author":"Kammerer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2014.08.005","article-title":"Biosynthesis and Metabolism of \u03b2-d-Salicin: A Novel Molecule That Exerts Biological Function in Humans and Plants","volume":"4","author":"Mahdi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4753","article-title":"Inhibition of Proinflammatory Biomarkers in THP1 Macrophages by Polyphenols Derived from Chamomile, Meadowsweet and Willow Bark","volume":"27","author":"Drummond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280100325","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Salicin after Oral Administration of a Standardised Willow Bark Extract","volume":"57","author":"Schmid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.03.023","article-title":"Willow Bark Extract STW 33-I in the Long-Term Treatment of Outpatients with Rheumatic Pain Mainly Osteoarthritis or Back Pain","volume":"20","author":"Uehleke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(02)00326-7","article-title":"Willow (Salix Sp.) as a Supplement for Grazing Cattle under Drought Conditions","volume":"104","author":"Moore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2005.02.030","article-title":"Effects on Ewe Reproduction of Grazing Willow Fodder Blocks during Drought","volume":"120","author":"Pitta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2004.12.003","article-title":"Effects of Willow (Salix) versus Poplar (Populus) Supplementation on the Reproductive Performance of Ewes Grazing Low Quality Drought Pasture during Mating","volume":"119","author":"McWilliam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1071\/AN16434","article-title":"Agroforestry for Ruminants: A Review of Trees and Shrubs as Fodder in Silvopastoral Temperate and Tropical Production Systems","volume":"58","author":"Vandermeulen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-019-01837-2","article-title":"Characterization of Bioactive Compounds in the Biomass of Black Locust, Poplar and Willow","volume":"33","author":"Konkol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina45080084","article-title":"Application of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Research of Salicin in Bark of Different Varieties of Salix","volume":"45","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.981","article-title":"Efficacy and Tolerability of a Standardized Willow Bark Extract in Patients with Osteoarthritis: Randomized Placebo-Controlled, Double Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"15","author":"Schmid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"945","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Dosage of Aspirin in Cattle","volume":"167","author":"Gingerich","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.1170","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 and Pain\u2014An Update","volume":"34","author":"Kawabata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2006.05.028","article-title":"Preadministration of Flurbiprofen Suppresses Prostaglandin Production and Postoperative Pain in Orthopedic Patients Undergoing Tourniquet Inflation","volume":"19","author":"Takada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-6980(02)00029-1","article-title":"Distinct Functions of COX-1 and COX-2","volume":"68\u201369","author":"Morita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1078\/0944-7113-00338","article-title":"Effects of an Ethanolic Salix Extract on the Release of Selected Inflammatory Mediators in Vitro","volume":"11","author":"Fiebich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.5.1417","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Aspirin and Salicylate in Relation to Inhibition of Arachidonate Cyclooxygenase and Antiinflammatory Activity","volume":"84","author":"Higgs","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.01.018","article-title":"A Study to Compare Circulating Flunixin, Meloxicam and Gabapentin Concentrations with Prostaglandin E2 Levels in Calves Undergoing Dehorning","volume":"95","author":"Fraccaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6251","article-title":"The Effect of Timing of Oral Meloxicam Administration on Physiological Responses in Calves after Cautery Dehorning with Local Anesthesia","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20588","article-title":"Genetic Parameters and Association of National Evaluations with Breeding Values for Health Traits in US Organic Holstein Cows","volume":"105","author":"Hardie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.06.022","article-title":"Fertility, Somatic Cell Count and Milk Production in Swedish Organic and Conventional Dairy Herds","volume":"126","author":"Sundberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1089\/107662903322541883","article-title":"A Comparison of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns for Staphylococcus Aureus in Organic and Conventional Dairy Herds","volume":"9","author":"Tikofsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73158-6","article-title":"Management Practices and Reported Antimicrobial Usage on Conventional and Organic Dairy Farms","volume":"87","author":"Zwald","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3483","article-title":"Culling Reasons in Organic and Conventional Dairy Herds and Genotype by Environment Interaction for Longevity","volume":"94","author":"Ahlman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00160-0","article-title":"Bovine Mastitis and Intramammary Drug Delivery: Review and Perspectives","volume":"50","author":"Gruet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19153","article-title":"Effect of Subclinical Mastitis Detected in the First Month of Lactation on Somatic Cell Count Linear Scores, Milk Yield, Fertility, and Culling of Dairy Cows in Certified Organic Herds","volume":"104","author":"Fernandes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5867","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19621","article-title":"Organic Dairy Producer Experiences and Decisions Related to Disease Prevention and Treatment","volume":"104","author":"Brock","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10409","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14279","article-title":"Short Communication: Effect of 3 Phytoceutical Products on Elimination of Bacteria in Experimentally Induced Streptococcus Uberis Clinical Mastitis","volume":"101","author":"Mullen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7460","article-title":"Effect of 2 Herbal Intramammary Products on Milk Quantity and Quality Compared with Conventional and No Dry Cow Therapy","volume":"97","author":"Mullen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72720-X","article-title":"Short Communication: Association Between Milk Yield at Dry-Off and Probability of Intramammary Infections at Calving","volume":"88","author":"Hogan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3194","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1930","article-title":"Effect of Milking Frequency and Feeding Level before and after Dry off on Dairy Cattle Behavior and Udder Characteristics","volume":"92","author":"Tucker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74338-5","article-title":"Individual Differences in Behavioral and Physiological Responsiveness of Primiparous Dairy Cows to Machine Milking","volume":"85","author":"Reenen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.02.019","article-title":"Cattle Associated Trauma\u2014A One Year Prospective Study of All Injuries","volume":"42","author":"Watts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitz, J., Kr\u00f6mker, V., Klocke, D., Wente, N., Zhang, Y., and tho Seeth, M. (2020). Intramammary Infections in Heifers\u2014Time of Onset and Associated Risk Factors. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10061053"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5890","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-4048","article-title":"Effect of Human-Animal Relationship and Management on Udder Health in Swiss Dairy Herds","volume":"94","author":"Ivemeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.04.013","article-title":"The Influence of the Rearing Period on Intramammary Infections in Swiss Dairy Heifers: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"129","author":"Bludau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)72622-X","article-title":"Subclinical and Clinical Mastitis in Heifers Following the Use of a Teat Sealant Precalving","volume":"90","author":"Parker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.004","article-title":"Incidence of Mastitis and Bacterial Findings at Clinical Mastitis in Swedish Primiparous Cows\u2014Influence of Breed and Stage of Lactation","volume":"134","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.018","article-title":"Cost Estimation of Heifer Mastitis in Early Lactation by Stochastic Modelling","volume":"134","author":"Huijps","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7067","article-title":"Optimal Insemination and Replacement Decisions to Minimize the Cost of Pathogen-Specific Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows","volume":"97","author":"Cha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74719-4","article-title":"Cow- and Quarter-Level Risk Factors for Streptococcus Uberis and Staphylococcus Aureus Mastitis","volume":"84","author":"Zadoks","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00097-0","article-title":"Behavioural Response to Humans and the Productivity of Commercial Dairy Cows","volume":"66","author":"Breuer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(89)90026-9","article-title":"The Effects of Handling by Humans at Calving and during Milking on the Behaviour and Milk Cortisol Concentrations of Primiparous Dairy Cows","volume":"22","author":"Hemsworth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4507","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19399","article-title":"Genetic Parameters for Stayability of Holsteins in US Organic Herds","volume":"104","author":"Hardie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029907002695","article-title":"Prepartum Milking Effects on Parlour Behaviour, Endocrine and Immune Responses in Holstein Heifers","volume":"74","author":"Eicher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8773","article-title":"Habituation of Dairy Heifers to Milking Routine\u2014Effects on Human Avoidance Distance, Behavior, and Cardiac Activity during Milking","volume":"98","author":"Kutzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.12.002","article-title":"The Effect of Different Degrees of \u2018Positive\u2019 Human\u2013Animal Interaction during Rearing on the Welfare and Subsequent Production of Commercial Dairy Heifers","volume":"114","author":"Bertenshaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.06.005","article-title":"Pre-Partum Udder Massaging as a Means for Reduction of Fear in Primiparous Cows at Milking","volume":"89","author":"Das","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0212","article-title":"Quarter-Level Analysis of Subclinical and Clinical Mastitis in Primiparous Heifers Following the Use of a Teat Sealant or an Injectable Antibiotic, or Both, Precalving","volume":"91","author":"Parker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.019","article-title":"Control of Heifer Mastitis: Antimicrobial Treatment\u2014An Overview","volume":"134","author":"Nickerson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2005-881","article-title":"Prepartum Milking of Heifers Influences Future Production and Health","volume":"90","author":"Daniels","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(03)00149-0","article-title":"Effect of Prepartum Milking of Primigravid Cows on Mammary Gland Health and Lactation Performance","volume":"86","author":"Santos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.027","article-title":"Heifer Teats Sprayed in the Dry Period with an Iodine Teat Sanitizer Have Reduced Streptococcus Uberis Teat-End Contamination and Less Streptococcus Uberis Intra-Mammary Infections at Calving","volume":"134","author":"Williamson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfaa006","article-title":"Incorporating Temperament Traits in Dairy Cattle Breeding Programs: Challenges and Opportunities in the Phenomics Era","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8347","article-title":"Behavioral Changes in Freestall-Housed Dairy Cows with Naturally Occurring Clinical Mastitis","volume":"98","author":"Fogsgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, H.N., Sorge, U.S., and Heins, B.J. (2021). Effects of Pre-Parturient Iodine Teat Dip Applications on Modulating Aversive Behaviors and Mastitis in Primiparous Cows. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061623"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/14\/1785\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:48:40Z","timestamp":1760140120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/14\/1785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12141785"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12141785","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]}}}