{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:31Z","timestamp":1787027491592,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Minnesota\u2019s Agricultural Research, Education, Extension and Technology Transfer Program (AGREETT)","award":["MN-16-122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MN-16-122"]}]},{"name":"USDA experimental station","award":["MN-16-122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MN-16-122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influences of sex, breed, and backgrounding diet on rumination and activity patterns in Angus and Angus-cross beef calves; and the daily variations in rumination and activity in Angus and Angus-cross beef calves under different backgrounding systems. A total of 62 freshly weaned calves were vaccinated and randomly stratified by sex (heifers and steers), breed (Angus and Angus \u00d7 Simmental cross), and assigned randomly to 3 backgrounding treatments for 55 days. The peak values for rumination and activity in heifers, steers, Angus, and Angus \u00d7 Simmental cross occurred during the dark and light phases of the dark\/light cycle, respectively. Beef calves backgrounded on cover crops had higher (p &lt; 0.05) rumination (45.33 \u00b1 1.57 min) compared with calves backgrounded on a perennial pasture (43.96 \u00b1 1.47 min) diet. Similarly, drylot calves (24.16 \u00b1 0.68 min) had higher (p &lt; 0.05) activity compared to perennial pasture (23.49 \u00b1 0.72 min). The results showed that sex and breed did not influence rumination and activity of Angus and Angus-cross beef calves during the study period. We concluded that the time of the day and backgrounding diet influenced rumination and activity patterns of Angus and Angus-cross beef calves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T23:10:22Z","timestamp":1658272222000},"page":"1835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Rumination and Activity Patterns in Angus and Angus-Cross Beef Calves: Influences of Sex, Breed, and Backgrounding Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bobwealth","family":"Omontese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A & M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3457-2029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friday","family":"Zakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos PMB 2084, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Engagement & Partnerships, Eastern West Virginia Community and Technical College, Moorefield, WV 26836, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1982.544885x","article-title":"Rumination, particle size and passage from the rumen","volume":"549","author":"Welch","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. 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