{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:19:31Z","timestamp":1793726371878,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Luteal deficiency is defined as reduced progesterone (P4) steroidogenesis by the corpus luteum (CL), either in the amount or duration, or both. This work provides a clinical overview of the current understanding of luteal deficiency and its association with low fertility in dairy cows. Low plasma P4 concentrations during the luteal phase post-artificial insemination (AI) are associated with lower conception rates. Treatments post-AI with P4, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) improve fertility in some conditions. Sub-luteal function during the late embryonic period (at pregnancy diagnosis, i.e., 28\u201334 days post-AI), is just one factor among other factors associated with pregnancy loss. Treatment with P4 in cows with one CL favors pregnancy maintenance, while GnRH treatment does the same in cows carrying twins. The diagnosis of sub-luteal function can be made clinically on the basis of plasma or milk P4 concentrations. Automated in-line milk P4 analysis systems to diagnose luteal activity emerge as a very interesting tool in dairy herds. Monitoring plasma or milk P4 concentrations with the help of Doppler ultrasonography to assess the CL function would allow individualizing the luteal phase support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T12:53:45Z","timestamp":1658494425000},"page":"1871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Clinical Overview of Luteal Deficiency in Dairy Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1413-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"L\u00f3pez-Gatius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfer in Bovine Reproduction SLu, 22300 Barbastro, Spain"},{"name":"Agrotecnio Centre, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6404-1248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Garcia-Ispierto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrotecnio Centre, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)41769-3","article-title":"The luteal phase defect","volume":"27","author":"Jones","year":"1976","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-197802000-00001","article-title":"Indispensability of the human corpus luteum in the maintenance of early pregnancy. Luteectomy evidence","volume":"33","author":"Csapo","year":"1978","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Practice Committees of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and the Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (2021). Diagnosis and treatment of luteal phase deficiency: A committee opinion. Fertil. Steril., 115, 1416\u20131423.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.010"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms017","article-title":"Luteal phase support for assisted reproduction cycles","volume":"18","author":"Buckingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmab011","article-title":"Should women receive luteal support following natural cycle frozen embryo transfer? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Mizrachi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(87)90047-9","article-title":"Luteal phase deficiency as a possible cause of repeat breeding in dairy cows","volume":"143","author":"Kimura","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.02.006","article-title":"Timing of follicular phase events and the postovulatory progesterone rise following synchronisation of oestrus in cows","volume":"172","author":"Starbuck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2006.00805.x","article-title":"Oestrus expression and ovarian function in repeat breeder cows, monitored by ultrasonography and progesterone assay","volume":"42","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0590485","article-title":"Corpus luteum maintenance during early pregnancy in the cow","volume":"59","author":"Lukaszewska","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.1999.tb01250.x","article-title":"The influence of progesterone during early pregnancy in cattle","volume":"34","author":"Mann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5895","article-title":"Effect of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin on day 5 after timed artificial insemination on fertility of lactating dairy cows","volume":"96","author":"Nascimento","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.12.027","article-title":"Efficacy of progesterone supplementation during early pregnancy in cows: A meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16439","article-title":"Association of pregnancy per artificial insemination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin administered during the luteal phase after artificial insemination in dairy cows: A meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Besbaci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.1998.tb01331.x","article-title":"Studies on follicular dynamics and hormonal asynchrony around ovulation as a potential cause of repeat breeding","volume":"33","author":"Gustafsson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-43-115","article-title":"Characterisation of the repeat breeding syndrome in Swedish dairy cattle","volume":"43","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.01.016","article-title":"Reproductive performance of repeat breeders in dairy herds","volume":"73","author":"Yusuf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.06.011","article-title":"Treatment with an elevated dose of the GnRH analogue dephereline in the early luteal phase improves pregnancy rates in repeat-breeder dairy cows","volume":"155","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Committee on Bovine Reproductive Nomenclature (1972). Recommendations for standardizing bovine reproductive terms. Cornell Vet., 62, 216\u2013237."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.03.003","article-title":"Genetic and environmental factors influencing first service conception rate and late embryonic\/foetal mortality in low fertility dairy herds","volume":"91","author":"Grimard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.10.014","article-title":"Factors of a noninfectious nature affecting fertility after artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. A review","volume":"77","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11798","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17176","article-title":"Predicting pregnancy loss in dairy cattle","volume":"102","author":"Ealy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szenci, O. (2021). Recent Possibilities for the diagnosis of early pregnancy and embryonic mortality in dairy cows. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061666"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.02.005","article-title":"Progesterone supplementation during the early fetal period reduces pregnancy loss in high-yielding dairy cattle","volume":"62","author":"Santolaria","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2007.06.018","article-title":"Effect of progesterone (P(4)) intravaginal device (CIDR) to reduce embryonic loss and to synchronize return to oestrus of previously timed inseminated lactating dairy cows","volume":"107","author":"Alnimer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.10.013","article-title":"Pregnancy patterns during the early fetal period in high producing dairy cows treated with GnRH or progesterone","volume":"71","author":"Santolaria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.08.017","article-title":"The use of a deslorelin implant (GnRH agonist) during the late embryonic period to reduce pregnancy loss","volume":"65","author":"Bartolome","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1027","article-title":"Maintenance of pregnancy in dairy cattle after treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin or gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"91","author":"Stevenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2018-057","article-title":"The effects of a single or double GnRH dose on pregnancy survival in high producing dairy cows carrying singletons or twins","volume":"64","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(91)90285-L","article-title":"Spontaneous embryonic death on Days 20 to 40 in heifers","volume":"35","author":"Kastelic","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e469","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches to pregnancy loss of non-infectious cause during the late embryonic\/early foetal period in dairy cattle. A review","volume":"45","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.1.1","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling the function and life span of the corpus luteum","volume":"80","author":"Niswender","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2016.01.005","article-title":"Pregnancy-associated changes in uterine-luteal relationships in cows: A mini-review","volume":"16","author":"Sakumoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74370-1","article-title":"High feed intake increases liver blood flow and metabolism of progesterone and estradiol-17beta in dairy cattle","volume":"85","author":"Sangsritavong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.10.003","article-title":"Changes in reproductive physiology of lactating dairy cows due to elevated steroid metabolism","volume":"65","author":"Wiltbank","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(88)79956-7","article-title":"Hyperthermia and body energy store effects on estrous behavior, conception rate, and corpus luteum function in dairy cows","volume":"71","author":"Wolfenson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2007.00945.x","article-title":"Different types of postpartum luteal activity affected by the exposure of heat stress and subsequent reproductive performance in Holstein lactating cows","volume":"43","author":"Kornmatitsuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102951","article-title":"Early embryo losses, progesterone and pregnancy associated glycoproteins levels during summer heat stress in dairy cows","volume":"98","author":"Nanas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thermal Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5941","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10070","article-title":"The role of progesterone and conceptus-derived factors in uterine biology during early pregnancy in ruminants","volume":"99","author":"Spencer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14654","article-title":"Using in-line milk progesterone data to characterize parameters of luteal activity and their association with fertility in Holstein cows","volume":"102","author":"Colazo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.10.012","article-title":"Factors affecting plasma progesterone in the early fetal period in high producing dairy cows","volume":"69","author":"Santolaria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2013-048","article-title":"Alteration of the endometrial EGF profile as a potential mechanism connecting the alterations in the ovarian steroid hormone profile to embryonic loss in repeat breeders and high-producing cows","volume":"59","author":"Katagiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-018-0420-6","article-title":"Extent and pattern of pregnancy losses and progesterone levels during gestation in Swedish Red and Swedish Holstein dairy cows","volume":"60","author":"Nyman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2007.00903.x","article-title":"Application of Doppler ultrasonography in cattle reproduction","volume":"42","author":"Herzog","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.02.027","article-title":"Evaluation of ovarian blood flow by colour Doppler ultrasound: Practical use for reproductive management in the cow","volume":"181","author":"Matsui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2014.03.003","article-title":"Evaluation of bovine luteal blood flow by using color Doppler ultrasonography","volume":"14","author":"Bollwein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.05.001","article-title":"Pregnancy prediction on the day of embryo transfer (Day 7) and Day 14 by measuring luteal blood flow in dairy cows","volume":"86","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR2018-0059","article-title":"Use of Doppler ultrasonography in embryo transfer programs: Feasibility and field results","volume":"15","author":"Pugliesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.06.006","article-title":"Use of color-Doppler ultrasonography for selection of recipients in timed-embryo transfer programs in beef cattle","volume":"135","author":"Pugliesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.09-150K","article-title":"Vascular changes in the corpus luteum during early pregnancy in the cow","volume":"56","author":"Beindorff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(88)79733-7","article-title":"On-farm milk progesterone tests","volume":"71","author":"Nebel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(98)00081-5","article-title":"Rapid enzyme immunoassay for measurement of bovine progesterone","volume":"13","author":"Claycomb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2018.01.011","article-title":"Rapid flow-through enzyme immunoassay of progesterone in whole cows\u2019 milk","volume":"545","author":"Samsonova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2009.07.008","article-title":"Perspectives for on-site monitoring of progesterone","volume":"27","author":"Korf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.05.024","article-title":"Dynamics of pre- and post-insemination progesterone profiles and insemination outcomes determined by an in-line milk analysis system in primiparous and multiparous Canadian Holstein cows","volume":"102","author":"Gobikrushanth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15692","article-title":"Technical note: Validation of an automated in-line milk progesterone analysis system to diagnose pregnancy in dairy cattle","volume":"102","author":"Ambrose","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2021.136808","article-title":"Relationship between in-line milk progesterone before and after artificial insemination and fertility outcomes in dairy cows","volume":"24","author":"Gavelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.09.033","article-title":"Potential of connected devices to optimize cattle reproduction","volume":"112","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0531.2001.d01-43.x","article-title":"Luteal deficiency and embryo mortality in the mare","volume":"36","author":"Allen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod. Domesst. Anim."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12029","article-title":"Serum progesterone in pregnant bitches supplemented with progestin because of expected or suspected luteal insufficiency","volume":"47","author":"Urhausen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2014.15.1.167","article-title":"Relationship between pregnancy rate and serum progesterone concentration in cases of porcine embryo transfer","volume":"15","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2015.12.010","article-title":"Relationship between colour flow Doppler sonographic assessment of corpus luteum activity and progesterone concentrations in mares after embryo transfer","volume":"166","author":"Brogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13676","article-title":"Spectral Doppler ultrasound in selecting an equine embryo receiver","volume":"55","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2020.05.005","article-title":"Progesterone use in assisted reproductive technology","volume":"69","author":"Labarta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2021.1998438","article-title":"Luteal phase support for natural cycle frozen embryo transfer: A meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR2018-0076","article-title":"From clinics to (cow)mics: A reproductive journey","volume":"15","author":"Humblot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15544","article-title":"Symposium review: Selection for fertility in the modern dairy cow-Current status and future direction for genetic selection","volume":"102","author":"Lucy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/15\/1871\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:54:38Z","timestamp":1760140478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/15\/1871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12151871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12151871","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]}}}