{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:19:34Z","timestamp":1790612374718,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing and raising replacement heifers requires a large capital investment for producers. Therefore, it is imperative to discover traits and management practices to eliminate subfertile heifers prior to breeding and pregnancy determination. In this study, four years of data was analyzed from a centralized beef heifer development yard in the Midwest of the United States. The objective of this study was to analyze various heifer physical characteristics and management practices in order to quantify their impact on pregnancy and date of conception. Logistic regression models were built to investigate risk factors associated with conception to artificial insemination (AI), pregnancy by natural service after AI exposure, and pregnancy in the first 21-days of the breeding season. Age at entry, average daily gain from entry to breeding, pelvic width, and year were associated with AI pregnancy (p &lt; 0.05). On the second model, average daily gain from entry to yearling weight, weight at breeding, weight at pregnancy diagnosis, and age at AI were significantly associated with pregnancy. There were no associations with reproductive tract score with any of the response variables analyzed. These results indicate there are physical measurements that can be used to improve the ability to select and develop heifers for improved reproductive performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T21:11:05Z","timestamp":1658956265000},"page":"1910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Physical Traits and Reproductive Measurements Associated with Early Conception in Beef Replacement Heifers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1609-7527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan S.","family":"Hindman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department of Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Huedepohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center, Williamsburg, IA 52361, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8856-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant A.","family":"Dewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department of Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9116-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Troy A.","family":"Brick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Des Moines, IA 50319, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5884-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department of Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry J.","family":"Engelken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department of Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.o.N. 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