{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T20:13:36Z","timestamp":1785442416943,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP2022R439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2022R439"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current experiment aimed to investigate the effects of TT powder on performance parameters and functional tests, as well as on morphological and histological changes in the liver, kidney and ileum in broiler chickens. Commercial broilers (total = 168 females) were used, equally divided into three dietary treatments (C = 0.0, T1 = 0.75, and T2 = 1.5 g\/kg diet). The growth performance (1\u201335 days of age), absolute and relative weight, liver and kidney functional tests, intestinal morphology (14 and 35 days of age), and histomorphology of the ileum (35 days of age) were evaluated. At 35 days of age, histopathological changes in the ileum, liver, and kidney were also examined. The results showed that the growth performance and absolute and relative weights of the liver and kidney had no negative effects when dietary supplementation with TT powder was given at 0.75 g\/kg diet (T1), whereas a decrease was observed at T2 (p &lt; 0.05). Liver and kidney functional tests showed no significant effects in all feed treatments (14 days), while T1 showed lower (p &lt; 0.05) ALT and AST levels (35 days). T1 exhibited higher weights, lengths, and weight-to-length ratios of the small intestine, and relative lengths of the duodenum (p &lt; 0.05). Histomorphometric measurements of the ileum were higher (p &lt; 0.05) in chickens fed the 0.75 g TT\/kg diet, and except for in the goblet cell count and epithelial thickness, there were no differences between treatments (p &gt; 0.05). In T1, hepatocytes were more normal but hepatic sinusoids were dilated, whereas in T2, lymphocytes had infiltrated around the central vein and lining endothelial cells had been lost. The kidney was improved in T1 and T2 compared with the control group. Ileal villi were shorter in T2, and some villi fused with enterocyte necrosis and inflammatory cells accumulated in the lumen. We concluded that TT powder (0.75 g\/kg feed) has a safe effect and is healthy for broilers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T20:49:28Z","timestamp":1659041368000},"page":"1930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Growth Performance, Histological Changes and Functional Tests of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Supplemented with Tribulus Terrestris Powder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0388-7669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maged A.","family":"Al-Garadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3994-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hani H.","family":"Al-Baadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3858-0923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulmohsen H.","family":"Alqhtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"6519712","article-title":"Phytochemical, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial evaluation of Tribulus terrestris L., Typha domingensis pers., and ricinus communis L.: Scientific evidences for folkloric uses","volume":"2022","author":"Khalid","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2018.248.259","article-title":"Phytochemical and biological studies of Tribulus terrestris L. growing in Egypt","volume":"14","author":"Ammar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. 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