{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:59:01Z","timestamp":1762102741774,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["491094227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["491094227"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In experimental studies investigating strangulating intestinal lesions in horses, different ischaemia models have been used with diverging results. Therefore, the aim was to comparatively describe ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in a low flow (LF) and no flow (NF) model. Under general anaesthesia, 120 min of jejunal ischaemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion was induced in 14 warmbloods. During ischaemia, blood flow was reduced by 80% (LF, n = 7) or by 100% (NF, n = 7). Intestinal blood flow and oxygen saturation were measured by Laser Doppler fluxmetry and spectrophotometry. Clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and Ussing chamber analyses were performed on intestinal samples collected hourly. Tissue oxygen saturation was significantly lower in NF ischaemia. The LF group exhibited high variability in oxygen saturation and mucosal damage. Histologically, more haemorrhage was found in the LF group at all time points. Cleaved-caspase-3 and calprotectin-stained cells increased during reperfusion in both groups. After NF ischaemia, the tissue conductance was significantly higher during reperfusion. These results aid in the selection of suitable experimental models for future studies. Although the LF model has been suggested to be more representative for clinical strangulating small intestinal disease, the NF model produced more consistent IRI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T21:30:34Z","timestamp":1661203834000},"page":"2158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Low Flow versus No Flow: Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury Following Different Experimental Models in the Equine Small Intestine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anna Marei","family":"Grages","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8744-7635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Verhaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Pfarrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Breves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Burmester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Neudeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6430-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"K\u00e4stner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.982","article-title":"Detection of apoptotic cells in intestines from horses with and without gastrointestinal tract disease","volume":"64","author":"Rowe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164054529364","article-title":"Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 3: Short-term complications","volume":"37","author":"Mair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939509031600","article-title":"Significance of reperfusion injury after venous strangulation obstruction of equine jejunum","volume":"8","author":"Laws","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Investig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2001.21393","article-title":"Serosal injury in the equine jejunum and ascending colon after ischemia-reperfusion or intraluminal distention and decompression","volume":"30","author":"Dabareiner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig, K.S., Verhaar, N., Hopster, K., Pfarrer, C., Neudeck, S., Rohn, K., and K\u00e4stner, S.B.R. (2020). Ischaemic preconditioning and pharmacological preconditioning with dexmedetomidine in an equine model of small intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224720"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13450","article-title":"The effect of ischaemic postconditioning on mucosal integrity and function in equine jejunal ischaemia","volume":"54","author":"Verhaar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verhaar, N., de Buhr, N., von K\u00f6ckritz-Blickwede, M., Hewicker-Trautwein, M., Pfarrer, C., Mazzuoli-Weber, G., Schulte, H., and K\u00e4stner, S. (2021). Ischaemic postconditioning reduces apoptosis in experimental jejunal ischaemia in horses. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02877-y"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1994.tb00478.x","article-title":"Attempts to Modify Reperfusion Injury of Equine Jejunal Mucosa Using Dimethylsulfoxide, Allopurinol, and Intraluminal Oxygen","volume":"23","author":"Horne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.05.762","article-title":"Effects of U-74389G, a novel 21-aminosteroid, on small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in horses","volume":"57","author":"Vatistas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164054529472","article-title":"Post operative neutrophilic inflammation in equine small intestine after manipulation and ischaemia","volume":"37","author":"Little","year":"2005","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13337","article-title":"Protective effects of dexmedetomidine on small intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury in horses","volume":"53","author":"VanderBroek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.06.772","article-title":"Morphologic changes and xanthine oxidase activity in the equine jejunum during low flow ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"59","author":"Vatistas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403775696302","article-title":"Evaluation of Carolina Rinse solution as a treatment for ischaemia reperfusion of the equine jejunum","volume":"35","author":"Dabareiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X293574","article-title":"Attenuation of ischaemic injury in the equine jejunum by administration of systemic lidocaine","volume":"40","author":"Cook","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13251","article-title":"Preconditioning with lidocaine and xylazine in experimental equine jejunal ischaemia","volume":"53","author":"Verhaar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"310","article-title":"Xanthine oxidase formation during experimental ischemia of the equine small intestine","volume":"55","author":"Prichard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.05.639","article-title":"Microvascular permeability and endothelial cell morphology associated with low-flow ischemia\/reperfusion injury in the equine jejunum","volume":"56","author":"Dabareiner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776117755","article-title":"Treatment of ischaemic jejunum with topical and intraluminal Carolina Rinse","volume":"34","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.5.681","article-title":"Expression of cyclooxygenase genes in the jejunum of horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"72","author":"Hilton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.8.977","article-title":"Effect of lidocaine on inflammation in equine jejunum subjected to manipulation only and remote to intestinal segments subjected to ischemia","volume":"78","author":"Bauck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G63","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00112.2013","article-title":"Animal models of ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal injury: Progress and promise for translational research","volume":"308","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00976-0","article-title":"Generation of equine enteroids and enteroid-derived 2D monolayers that are responsive to microbial mimics","volume":"52","author":"Hellman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"241","article-title":"Advanced three-dimensional culture of equine intestinal epithelial stem cells","volume":"50","author":"Freund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"698","article-title":"WRN conditioned media is sufficient for in vitro propagation of intestinal organoids from large farm and small companion animals","volume":"6","author":"Powell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1970.01340280030009","article-title":"Intestinal Mucosal Lesion in Low-Flow States","volume":"101","author":"Chiu","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2018.01.011","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterization of gastrointestinal macrophages\/phagocytes in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and non-IBD dogs","volume":"197","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.11.020","article-title":"Trans- and paracellular calcium transport along the small and large intestine in horses","volume":"204","author":"Wilkens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.11.990","article-title":"Use of micro-lightguide spectrophotometry for evaluation of microcirculation in the small and large intestines of horses without gastrointestinal disease","volume":"75","author":"Reichert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/16\/2158\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:13:45Z","timestamp":1760141625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/16\/2158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12162158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12162158","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]}}}