{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:16:47Z","timestamp":1793056607993,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horserace Betting Levy Board","award":["4497, Prj786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4497, Prj786"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The athletic performance and safety of racehorses is influenced by hoof\u2013surface interactions. This intervention study assessed the effect of eight horseshoe\u2013surface combinations on hoof acceleration patterns at impact and foot-off in 13 galloping Thoroughbred racehorses retired from racing. Aluminium, barefoot, GluShu (aluminium\u2013rubber composite) and steel shoeing conditions were trialled on turf and artificial (Martin Collins Activ-Track) surfaces. Shod conditions were applied across all four hooves. Tri-axial accelerometers (SlamStickX, range \u00b1500 g, sampling rate 5000 Hz) were attached to the dorsal hoof wall (x: medio-lateral, medial = positive; y: along dorsal hoof wall, proximal = positive; and z: perpendicular to hoof wall, dorsal = positive). Linear mixed models assessed whether surface, shoeing condition or stride time influenced maximum (most positive) or minimum (most negative) accelerations in x, y and z directions, using \u226540,691 strides (significance at p &lt; 0.05). Day and horse\u2013rider pair were included as random factors, and stride time was included as a covariate. Collective mean accelerations across x, y and z axes were 22\u201398 g at impact and 17\u201389 g at foot-off. The mean stride time was 0.48 \u00b1 0.07 s (mean \u00b12 SD). Impact accelerations were larger on turf in all directions for forelimbs and hindlimbs (p \u2264 0.015), with the exception of the forelimb z-minimum, and in absolute terms, maximum values were typically double the minimum values. The surface type affected all foot-off accelerations (p \u2264 0.022), with the exception of the hindlimb x-maximum; for example, there was an average increase of 17% in z-maximum across limbs on the artificial track. The shoeing condition influenced all impact and foot-off accelerations in the forelimb and hindlimb datasets (p \u2264 0.024), with the exception of the hindlimb impact y-maximum. Barefoot hooves generally experienced the lowest accelerations. The stride time affected all impact and foot-off accelerations (p &lt; 0.001). Identifying factors influencing hoof vibrations upon landing and hoof motion during propulsion bears implication for injury risk and racing outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12172161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T21:05:12Z","timestamp":1661288712000},"page":"2161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hoof Impact and Foot-Off Accelerations in Galloping Thoroughbred Racehorses Trialling Eight Shoe\u2013Surface Combinations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3069-881X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Horan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookmans Park, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Coburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Coburn AWCF Farriers Ltd., 8 Moulton Road, Newmarket CB8 8DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"Kourdache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The British Racing School, Snailwell Road, Newmarket CB8 7NU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookmans Park, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Carnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Coburn AWCF Farriers Ltd., 8 Moulton Road, Newmarket CB8 8DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Brinkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Coburn AWCF Farriers Ltd., 8 Moulton Road, Newmarket CB8 8DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Harborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Coburn AWCF Farriers Ltd., 8 Moulton Road, Newmarket CB8 8DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The British Racing School, Snailwell Road, Newmarket CB8 7NU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mick","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Millard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookmans Park, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0702-4289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilo","family":"Pfau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookmans Park, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"},{"name":"Faculties of Kinesiology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.11.014","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for racehorse catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in flat racing","volume":"245","author":"Hitchens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. 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