{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:53:24Z","timestamp":1783457604022,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The search for an alternative approach of estrus control (induction or suppression) in dogs is an important issue and the use of slow GnRH agonist-releasing implants has been the subject of frequent research in recent years. Studies to date demonstrate that the short- and long-term effects of deslorelin implants applicated at different time points of the prepubertal period are similar to those of adult dogs; however, there are important differences. The age of the prepubertal bitch and the dosage appear to be the main determinants of the response to deslorelin, as well as the individual metabolism of the bitch. Recent studies reported that the deslorelin-mediated long-term delay of puberty does not have negative carry-over effects on subsequent ovarian functionality, serum steroid hormone concentrations, uterine health, and fertility; however, more molecular studies are needed to determine the effects of application time of GnRH agonists on hormone concentrations and peripheral receptor expression. Furthermore, the long-term effects of delay of puberty with deslorelin on joint health, tumor development, the immune system, and social behavior deserve further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12172267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T21:27:17Z","timestamp":1662067637000},"page":"2267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prepubertal Use of Long-Term GnRH Agonists in Dogs: Current Knowledge and Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5676-7644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Sch\u00e4fer-Somi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duygu","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, 36100 Kars, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selim","family":"Aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Gonadotropin releasing hormone: Function and clinical use","volume":"25","author":"Hull","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lab. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2010.01705.x","article-title":"Clinical use of GnRH agonists in canine and feline species","volume":"46","author":"Fontaine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"175","article-title":"Use of potent LHRH analogues for chronic contraception and pregnancy termination","volume":"39","author":"Vickery","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"255","article-title":"Use of a GnRH analogue implant to produce reversible long-term suppression of reproductive function in male and female domestic dogs","volume":"57","author":"Trigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.06.031","article-title":"Induction of fertile oestrus in the bitch using Deslorelin, a GnRH agonist","volume":"76","author":"Fontaine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.11.022","article-title":"Estrus induction in Beagle bitches with the GnRH-agonist implant containing 4.7 mg Deslorelin","volume":"75","author":"Walter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.02.015","article-title":"Treatment with a subcutaneous GnRH agonist containing controlled release device reversibly prevents puberty in bitches","volume":"66","author":"Rubion","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.02.037","article-title":"A review of advances in the use of the GnRH agonist deslorelin in control of reproduction","volume":"66","author":"Trigg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12066","article-title":"Delay of puberty and reproductive performance in male dogs following the implantation of 4.7 and 9.4 mg GnRH-agonist deslorelin at an early pre-pubertal age","volume":"47","author":"Sirivaidyapong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1989.tb00140.x","article-title":"Normal gonadal functions and fertility after 23 months of treatment of prepubertal male and female dogs with the GnRh agonist D-Trp6, des-Gly-NH2(10)GnRH ethylamide","volume":"10","author":"Lacoste","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.12.015","article-title":"Clinical use of deslorelin implants for the long-term contraception in prepubertal bitches: Effects on epiphyseal closure, body development, and time to puberty","volume":"83","author":"Kaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13038","article-title":"Expression of GnRH receptor in the canine corpus luteum, and luteal function following deslorelin acetate-induced puberty delay","volume":"52","author":"Kaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13337","article-title":"Pre-pubertal treatment with a GnRH agonist in bitches-Effect on the uterus and hormone receptor expression","volume":"53","author":"Kaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.6.572","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone receptor expression by nonneoplastic and neoplastic canine lymphocytes","volume":"80","author":"Ettinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Johnston, S.D., Root Kustritz, M.V., and Olson, P.N. (2001). Canine and Feline Theriogenology, Saunders. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12414","article-title":"Prepubertal and pubertal canine reproductive studies: Conflicting aspects","volume":"49","author":"Gobello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3","article-title":"Biology of gonadotrophin secretion in adult and prepubertal female dogs","volume":"47","author":"Concannon","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12272","article-title":"Deslorelin implants in pre-pubertal female dogs: Short- and long-term effects on the genital tract","volume":"49","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711403428","article-title":"Measurement of serum anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone concentration in female dogs and cats before and after ovariohysterectomy","volume":"23","author":"Place","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"299","article-title":"Clinical and endocrine short-term effects of GnRH analogue deslorelin in prepubertal bitches: Does a \u201cflare-up\u201d occur?","volume":"19","author":"Kaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Concannon, P.W., Montanez, A., and Frank, D. (1988, January 26\u201330). Suppression of LH secretion by constant infuction of GnRH agonist in ovariectomized dogs and prolonged contraception of prepubertal bitches by constant subcutaneous administration of GnRH-agonist. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Fontaine, E., Maenhoudt, C., Mir, F., Navarro, C., and Fontbonne, A. (2012, January 26\u201329). Postponement of puberty using GnRH agonist implants in bitches of different breeds. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Canine and Feline Reproduction, Whistler, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.05.043","article-title":"Postponement of canine puberty by neonatal administration of a long term release GnRH superagonist","volume":"118","author":"Faya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"41","article-title":"LH release, induction of oestrus and fertile ovulations in response to pulsatile administration of GnRH to anoestrous dogs","volume":"51","author":"Concannon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"642","article-title":"The spaying of bitches","volume":"77","author":"Joshua","year":"1965","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.18.447-b","article-title":"Optimum time for neutering","volume":"122","author":"Jagoe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.07.1183","article-title":"Elective gonadectomy in dogs: A review","volume":"198","author":"Salmeri","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"E1","article-title":"The epiphyseal plate: Nutritional and hormonal influences; hereditary and other disorders","volume":"31","author":"Decamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-12-0419","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 functions as a luteotrophic factor in the dog","volume":"145","author":"Kowalewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12616","article-title":"Fertility in Adult Bitches Previously Treated with a 4.7 mg Subcutaneous Deslorelin Implant","volume":"50","author":"Borges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutzler, M.A. (2020). Possible Relationship between Long-Term Adverse Health Effects of Gonad-Removing Surgical Sterilization and Luteinizing Hormone in Dogs. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040599"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Str\u00f6m, H.B., Jigler, E., Hagman, R., and Fr\u00f6ssling, J. (2010, January 14\u201315). Deslorelin treatment of male dogs. Proceedings of the 7th EVSSAR Congress, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"De Gier, J., Kooistra, H.S., and Vinke, C.M. (2013, January 5\u20136). The effects of orchiectomy and chemical castration using deslorelin on male dog behavior. Proceedings of the 16th EVSSAR Congress, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12898","article-title":"Long-term effects of GnRH agonists on fertility and behaviour","volume":"52","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Anjolras, E. (2011). Prevention de L\u2019oestrus Induit par la Pose d\u2019un Implant de Desloreline Chez la Chienne: Utilisation de l\u2019ac Etate d\u2019osaterone. [Doctoral Dissertation, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d\u2019Alfort]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12306","article-title":"Suppression of fertility in adult dogs","volume":"49","author":"Maenhoudt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714154","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.714154","article-title":"Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Cyproterone Acetate to Prevent Flare-Up Effect on Dogs Implanted with Deslorelin","volume":"8","author":"Masson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902775","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.902775","article-title":"A Prospective Cohort Study Investigating the Behavioural Development of Bitches in a Guide Dog Training Programme Neutered Prepubertally or Post-Pubertally","volume":"9","author":"Moxon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.02.180","article-title":"Effects of castration on problem behaviors in male dogs with reference to age and duration of behavior","volume":"211","author":"Neilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2019.24.1.38","article-title":"Prepubertal neutering of dogs-some risks and benefits","volume":"24","author":"Yates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Companion Anim."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.380","article-title":"Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs","volume":"224","author":"Spain","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13225","article-title":"The influence of spaying and its timing relative to the onset of puberty on urinary and general behaviour in Labrador Retrievers","volume":"53","author":"Balogh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palestrini, C., Mazzola, S.M., Caione, B., Groppetti, D., Pecile, A.M., Minero, M., and Cannas, S. (2021). Influence of Gonadectomy on Canine Behavior. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020553"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.11.018","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of Gonazon implants in the treatment of reproductive pathologies, behavioral problems, and suppression of reproductive function in the male dog","volume":"73","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00483","article-title":"Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonist Implants for Male Dog Fertility Suppression: A Review of Mode of Action, Efficacy, Safety, and Uses","volume":"7","author":"Driancourt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/17\/2267\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:21:44Z","timestamp":1760142104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/17\/2267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12172267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12172267","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}}}