{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T12:45:26Z","timestamp":1778589926246,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","award":["AN000430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AN000430"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, thirty clinically healthy donkeys were used to establish the reference values and repeatability for Pulsed Wave Doppler echocardiographic variables of the mitral valve, aortic valve and myocardial performance. 2-dimensional Color flow mapping and spectral Doppler modes were performed. For the mitral valve, the mean velocity, pressure gradient and duration of E-wave were 57.7 \u00b1 12.5 cm\/s, 1.4 \u00b1 0.7 mmHg and 0.4 \u00b1 0.13 s, respectively. The velocity, pressure gradient and duration of the A-wave were 32.3 \u00b1 9.1 cm\/s, 0.3 \u00b1 0.04 mmHg and 0.3 \u00b1 0.1 s, respectively. The mitral valve area, pressure half time, pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and velocity time integral (VTI) were 1.8 \u00b1 0.5 cm2, 66 \u00b1 17 ms, 2.8 \u00b1 1.4, 0.9 \u00b1 0.03 and 19.1 \u00b1 5.7 cm, respectively. For the aortic valve, the mean velocity was 64.9 \u00b1 10.4 cm\/s, pressure gradient was 1.8 \u00b1 0.4 mmHg, pulsatility index was 1.4 \u00b1 0.3, resistance index was 0.9 \u00b1 0.02, VTI was 25.02 \u00b1 6.2 cm, systolic\/diastolic was 19 \u00b1 4.7 and heart rate was 95.7 \u00b1 28.9 per minute. For Myocardial Performance Index (LV)\u2013Tei Index, the mean ejection, isovolumic relaxation, isovolumic contraction time and myocardial performance index were 0.24 \u00b1 0.01, 0.14 \u00b1 0.01, 0.14 \u00b1 0.02 and 1.2 \u00b1 0.1 s, respectively. The results of the present study provide the reference values of PW echocardiographic parameter measurements in normal adult donkeys. Such reference values are helpful, especially when confronted with clinical cases with cardiovascular disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12172296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T20:48:25Z","timestamp":1662410905000},"page":"2296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Reference Values and Repeatability of Pulsed Wave Doppler Echocardiography Parameters in Normal Donkeys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Marzok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Scienses, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adel I.","family":"Almubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Scienses, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zakriya","family":"Al Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Scienses, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Scienses, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alshimaa M.","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Manosura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussam M.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Manosura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3217-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maged R.","family":"El-Ashker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Manosura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0545-5827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabry","family":"El-khodery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Manosura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12685","article-title":"Characterisation of clotting factors, anticoagulant protein activities and viscoelastic analysis in healthy donkeys","volume":"49","author":"Mendoza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.02.025","article-title":"Donkey Internal Medicine\u2014Part II: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Neurologic, Urinary, Ophthalmic, Dermatology, and Musculoskeletal Disorders","volume":"65","author":"Mendoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103734","article-title":"Echocardiographic reference ranges for sedentary donkeys in the UK","volume":"179","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Amory, H., Bertrand, P., Delvaux, V., and Sandersen, C. (2004). Doppler Echocardiographic Reference Values in Healthy Donkeys. Veterinary Care of Donkeys, International Veterinary Information Service."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1067\/mje.2002.120202","article-title":"Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography: A report from the Doppler Quantification Task Force of the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"15","author":"Quinones","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12034","article-title":"Doppler and Volumetric Echocardiographic Methods for Cardiac Output Measurement in Standing Adult Horses","volume":"27","author":"McConachie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(99)00056-3","article-title":"The history of echocardiography","volume":"30","author":"Edler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., and Tajik, A.J. (2006). The Echo Manual, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(90)90101-3","article-title":"Transmitral flow velocity in symptomatic severe aortic regurgitation: Utility of Doppler for determination of preclosure of the mitral valve","volume":"120","author":"Marcus","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(86)80339-4","article-title":"Instantaneous pressure gradient: A simultaneous doppler and dual catheter correlative study","volume":"7","author":"Currie","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Goldberg, S.J., Allen, H.D., Marx, G.R., and Donnerstein, R.L. (1988). Flow computation. Doppler Echocardiography, Lea and Febiger. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12947-017-0109-4","article-title":"Left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral outperforms ejection fraction and Doppler-derived cardiac output for predicting outcomes in a select advanced heart failure cohort","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e2","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142012 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"125","author":"Roger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Reef, V.B. (1988, January 28\u201329). Pulsed and continuous wave Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of mitral and tricuspid insufficiency in horses. Proceedings of the 6th American College Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum Madison, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"376","article-title":"Confirmation by Doppler echocardiography of valvular regurgitation in a horse with a ruptured chorda tendinea of the mitral valve","volume":"127","author":"Marr","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.05.880","article-title":"Echocardiographic detection of pulmonic valve rupture in a horse with right-sided heart failure","volume":"198","author":"Reimer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1993.tb00693.x","article-title":"Pulsed Doppler echocardiography measurement in healthy warmblood horses","volume":"40","author":"Stadler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Zentralblatt Vet. Reihe A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04988.x","article-title":"Pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography in normal horses","volume":"27","author":"Blissitt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04994.x","article-title":"Evaluation of ventricular septal defects in horses using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography","volume":"27","author":"Reef","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2008.11.029","article-title":"Echocardiographic Assessment of Valve Stenosis: EAE\/ASE Recommendations for Clinical Practice","volume":"22","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaceaccp\/mkv015","article-title":"Quantitative Doppler echocardiography","volume":"16","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"357","article-title":"New index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance: A simple and reproducible measure of cardiac function\u2014A study in normals and dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"26","author":"Tei","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4250\/jcu.2015.23.4.228","article-title":"Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Arteries Pulsatility Index in Fontan Circulation","volume":"23","author":"Shabanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1998.17.6.357","article-title":"Hemodynamic factors affecting uterine artery Doppler waveform pulsatility in sheep","volume":"17","author":"Saunders","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.01.004","article-title":"Effects of Tilmicosin Phosphate Administration on Echocardiographic Parameters in Healthy Donkeys (Equus asinus): An Experimental Study","volume":"38","author":"Youssef","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hatle, L., and Angelsen, B. (1985). Doppler Ultrasound in Cardiology, Lea and Febiger. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02820.x","article-title":"Standardised imaging technique for guided M-mode and Doppler echocardiography in the horse","volume":"24","author":"Long","year":"1992","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"52","article-title":"The Tei index of myocardial performance: Applications in cardiology","volume":"46","author":"Lakoumentas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hell. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Weyman, A.E. (1994). Cross-sectional scanning: Technical principles and instrumentation. Principles and Practice of Echocardiography, Lea and Fehiger."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2009.10.001","article-title":"Doppler echocardiography: A contemporary review","volume":"54","author":"Anavekar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.211.2.r99ma48411","article-title":"Relationship between the Resistive Index and Vascular Compliance and Resistance","volume":"211","author":"Bude","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2014.928290","article-title":"Dairy intake is associated with memory and pulsatility index in heart failure","volume":"125","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"e6","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142013 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"127","author":"Go","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.04.543","article-title":"Use of pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography to determine aortic and pulmonary velocity and flow variables in clinically normal dogs","volume":"52","author":"Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90558-3","article-title":"Reference values and reproducibility of Doppler echocardiography in the assessment of the tricuspid valve and right ventricular diastolic function in normal subjects","volume":"67","author":"Pye","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00088-5","article-title":"A practical guide to assessment of ventricular diastolic function using doppler echocardiography","volume":"27","author":"Cohen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90514-2","article-title":"Diagnostic role of Doppler echocardiography in constrictive pericarditis","volume":"23","author":"Oh","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"75","article-title":"Pulsed-wave Doppler evaluation of intracardiac blood flow in 30 clinically normal Standardbred horses","volume":"50","author":"Reef","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.1990.tb01369.x","article-title":"Doppler echocardiography in the horse","volume":"2","author":"Long","year":"1990","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90787-2","article-title":"Estimation of left ventricular filling pressures using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in adult patients with cardiac disease: Additional value of analyzing left atrial size, left atrial ejection fraction and the difference in duration of pulmonary venous and mitral flow velocity at atrial contraction","volume":"22","author":"Appleton","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04084.x","article-title":"Severe mitral regurgitation in horses: Clinical, echocardiographic and pathological findings","volume":"30","author":"Reef","year":"1998","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1992.tb01090.x","article-title":"Doppler echocardiography","volume":"33","author":"Darke","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"42","article-title":"Normal pulsed wave Doppler echocardiographic parameters of Turkmen horses of Iran","volume":"14","author":"Vajhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90380-6","article-title":"Evaluation of blood flow velocity in the ascending aorta and main pulmonary artery of normal subjects by Doppler echocardiography","volume":"107","author":"Gardin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02889-8","article-title":"Relation of the discrete subaortic stenosis position to mitral valve function","volume":"90","author":"Paul","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Tortora, G.J., and Derrickson, B. (2012). The cardiovascular system: Blood vessels and hemodynamics. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, John Wiley & Sons. [13th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-012-0628-6","article-title":"Reference Values of Aortic Flow Velocity Integral in 1193 Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents to Quickly Estimate Cardiac Stroke Volume","volume":"34","author":"Pees","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.11.1177","article-title":"Comparison of the myocardial performance index derived by use of pulsed Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in dogs with volume overload","volume":"68","author":"Hori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euje.2006.06.002","article-title":"Right ventricle Tei-index: A tool to increase the accuracy of non-invasive detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension in connective tissue diseases","volume":"8","author":"Vonk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2015.06.022","article-title":"Myocardial Performance Index (Tei Index): A simple tool to identify cardiac dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"68","author":"Goroshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/17\/2296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:23:28Z","timestamp":1760142208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/17\/2296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12172296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12172296","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]}}}