{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:20:20Z","timestamp":1762068020694,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is challenging in pigs. We compared the number of attempts and time to perform ETI, and the subjective perception of ease, while the animal was positioned in dorsal (DR) or sternal (SR) recumbency, as well as assessed whether operator experience influences the outcome. Participants were divided into three groups: undergraduates (ST; veterinary students), graduates (GR; veterinarians without specific anaesthesia training) and experts (EX; veterinary anaesthesia intern\/resident and diplomate of the European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia). Each participant intubated one freshly euthanised pig in DR and ST. Number of attempts and time to correctly perform ETI, number of oesophageal intubations and answers to Likert-scale questions on larynx visualization and ease of endotracheal tube introduction and advancement were recorded. Thirty-three participants were enrolled (15 ST, 10 GR and 8 EX). Less attempts (p = 0.002) and time (p = 0.002) to correctly perform ETI were needed in SR for the ST group. In 21\/119 and 5\/48 ETI attempts, oesophageal intubation was performed in DR and SR, respectively. Larynx visualization (p &lt; 0.001) and endotracheal tube introduction (p &lt; 0.001) were perceived as easier in SR for the ST group. No difference between recumbencies was found in perceived ease to advance the endotracheal tube. For inexperienced operators, intubation in SR can be recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12182430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T22:11:10Z","timestamp":1663279870000},"page":"2430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intubation in Swine: What Recumbency to Choose?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5036-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mirra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1612-6420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Spadavecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Micieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30392-3","article-title":"General anesthetic techniques in swine","volume":"12","author":"Moon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2008.008044","article-title":"Ventral recumbency is crucial for fast and safe orotracheal intubation in laboratory swine","volume":"43","author":"Theisen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Anderson, D.E., and Mulon, P.Y. (2019). Diseases of Swine. Diseases of Swine, Wiley Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2005.07.012","article-title":"General handling and anesthesia for experimental surgery in pigs","volume":"130","author":"Kaiser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1002\/vrc2.19","article-title":"Hypoxaemia following suspected intubation of the tracheal bronchus of a pig","volume":"9","author":"Tonge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Commission (2020). European Commission Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council 2019: Report on the Statistics on the Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes in the Member States of the European Union in 2015\u20132017, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02042867","article-title":"Zur Technik der Intubationsnarkose bei L\u00e4uferschweinen","volume":"138","author":"Schmitz","year":"1964","journal-title":"Z. Gesamte Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.05.002","article-title":"The time required to achieve endotracheal intubation in dogs: A comparison of veterinary students and qualified veterinary surgeons","volume":"48","author":"Langton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/18\/2430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:32:01Z","timestamp":1760142721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/18\/2430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12182430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12182430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]}}}