{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:46:52Z","timestamp":1790632012758,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physiologic fibrinolysis is a localized process in which stable fibrin strands are broken down by plasmin in response to thrombosis. Plasmin activation can also take place separately from the coagulation process, resulting in pathologic fibrinolysis. When plasmin activation exceeds the neutralizing capacity of plasmin inhibitors, severe bleeding can potentially take place. Although the processes which regulate coagulation and fibrinolysis in the blood are well known, it is less clear as to what extent the same processes take place in the body cavities and whether they influence systemic hemostasis. The results of the studies herein cited demonstrate that coagulation followed by fibrinogenolytic\/fibrinolytic activity takes place in all kinds of canine ascitic and pleural fluids. Moreover, systemic clotting abnormalities suggesting primary fibrinolysis\/primary hyperfibrinolysis (i.e., elevated plasma fibrin\/fibrinogen degradation products [FDPs] and normal D-dimer concentrations with fibrinogen concentrations \u2264 100 mg\/dL or above this cut-off, respectively) occur in dogs with intracavitary effusion. Enhanced fibrinolytic activity in dogs with intracavitary effusion can also be detected using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), although the degree of agreement between ROTEM and FDPs, D-dimer and fibrinogen concentrations is poor. Finally, contrary to the thrombotic events commonly documented in some humans and cats with cardiac diseases, bleeding tendencies due to primary fibrinolysis\/primary hyperfibrinolysis have been documented in dogs with cardiogenic ascites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12192487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T21:12:53Z","timestamp":1663708373000},"page":"2487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fibrinolysis in Dogs with Intracavitary Effusion: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3592-0360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Zoia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Viale dell\u2019Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7267-9388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Drigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicina Animale, Produzione e Salute, Padua University, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Caldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio d\u2019Analisi Veterinarie San Marco, Viale dell\u2019Industria 3, Veggiano, 35030 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-383X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Simioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine J.","family":"Piek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 8 Heidelberglaan, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1258\/cr.2009.090028","article-title":"Hyperfibrinolysis\u2014Is it common? 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