{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:07:22Z","timestamp":1792552042808,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":237,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cattle fertility remains sub-optimal despite recent improvements in genetic selection. The extent to which an individual heifer fulfils her genetic potential can be influenced by fetal programming during pregnancy. This paper reviews the evidence that a dam\u2019s age, milk yield, health, nutrition and environment during pregnancy may programme permanent structural and physiological modifications in the fetus. These can alter the morphology and body composition of the calf, postnatal growth rates, organ structure, metabolic function, endocrine function and immunity. Potentially important organs which can be affected include the ovaries, liver, pancreas, lungs, spleen and thymus. Insulin\/glucose homeostasis, the somatotropic axis and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis can all be permanently reprogrammed by the pre-natal environment. These changes may act directly at the level of the ovary to influence fertility, but most actions are indirect. For example, calf health, the timing of puberty, the age and body structure at first calving, and the ability to balance milk production with metabolic health and fertility after calving can all have an impact on reproductive potential. Definitive experiments to quantify the extent to which any of these effects do alter fertility are particularly challenging in cattle, as individual animals and their management are both very variable and lifetime fertility takes many years to assess. Nevertheless, the evidence is compelling that the fertility of some animals is compromised by events happening before they are born. Calf phenotype at birth and their conception data as a nulliparous heifer should therefore both be assessed to avoid such animals being used as herd replacements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12192654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T22:47:27Z","timestamp":1665182847000},"page":"2654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Developmental Programming of Fertility in Cattle\u2014Is It a Cause for Concern?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8206-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Claire","family":"Wathes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease","volume":"311","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00523","article-title":"Gene-nutrient interactions during fetal development","volume":"130","author":"Maloney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R43","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0402","article-title":"Trophoblast lineage specification, differentiation and their regulation by oxygen tension","volume":"236","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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