{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:04:14Z","timestamp":1787774654142,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ELANCO ANIMAL HEALTH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The available E. coli vaccines involve two main types (inactivated and live non-pathogenic) and two routes of administration (oral and parenteral) but the mechanism by which both vaccines and routes of administration work is not yet fully elucidated. The influence of a parenteral vaccine (PV) and an oral one (OV) was studied by analyzing the gene expression of biomarkers indicating cellular infiltration (calprotectin, CAL), tight junction proteins (occludin OCL, and zonulin ZON) that maintain intestinal paracellular integration and two proinflammatory (IFN-\u03b3) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-\u03b2) mediator cytokines, as well as histomorphology and IgA production cell density. Differences were observed in CAL, more infiltrated in orally vaccinated animals; OCL also increased in orally vaccinated animals, and higher density of IgA-producing cells in ileum for orally vaccinated groups. Cytokine expression is also different; and there is a lower mRNA for IFN-\u03b3 in the parenteral than in the oral vaccinated animals. Finally, the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio was higher in the orally vaccinated groups. The data collectively show clear and different effects derived from the use of each type of vaccine, route of administration and regimen. The results suggest a more rapid and direct effect of oral vaccination and a state of suppression in the absence of a second oral stimulus by the pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12202758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T21:10:10Z","timestamp":1665954610000},"page":"2758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Oral and Parenteral Vaccination against Escherichia coli in Piglets Results in Different Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5580-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Ramis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomedicina (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"P\u00e9rez-Esteruelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELANCO Animal Health, 28108 Alcobendas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina G.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"de Pascual-Monreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Gonzalez-Guijarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"P\u00e1rraga-Ros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda y Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica Comparadas, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELANCO Animal Health, 28108 Alcobendas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Claver-Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELANCO Animal Health, 28108 Alcobendas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Mendon\u00e7a-Pascoal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e1nia 74690-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomedicina (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"UDICA, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005105","article-title":"Escherichia Coli in Postweaning Diarrhea in Pigs: An Update on Bacterial Types, Pathogenesis, and Prevention Strategies","volume":"6","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. 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