{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T21:00:26Z","timestamp":1765486826890,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Native to South America, the coypu (Myocastor coypus) is an invasive alien species (IAS) of Union concern. It was introduced to Germany a hundred years ago and is considered established in all German federal states. Between January and February 2021, ground temperatures below \u221210\u00b0 Celsius were recorded in Lower Saxony, Germany, for approximately two consecutive weeks. Five male and five female coypus, harvested between 23 February and 31 March 2021, received a post-mortem examination. Nutritional status was poor in six cases, moderate in three and good in one case. Pregnancy was observed in two females. In all the animals, lesions were predominantly found on the distal limbs (n = 7) and\/or tail (n = 10), involving the skin and soft tissue with occasional exposure or loss of bones. The histological findings consisted of chronic, ulcerative to necrotizing dermatitis and occasional ulcerative-suppurative dermatitis, necrotizing myositis, thrombosis, granulation tissue, fibrosis and intralesional dystrophic mineralization. Intralesional bacteria were present in six and fungal spores in one animal. Determination of the exact cause was not possible; however, considering the local weather conditions and the distribution of lesions, frostbite injuries have to be considered as the most likely cause. The intralesional bacteria and fungal spores most likely represent secondary contaminants. Interestingly, lesions of this kind have not been reported in coypus in Germany so far. Therefore, frostbite should be considered as a potential cause of disease in coypus, warranting further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12202777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T21:10:10Z","timestamp":1665954610000},"page":"2777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Suspected Frostbite Injuries in Coypu (Myocastor coypus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1092-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friederike","family":"Geth\u00f6ffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina M.","family":"Gregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Zdora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9184-4134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Wohlsein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Sch\u00f6ttes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-3948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Siebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Nehring, S., and Skowronek, S. (2017). Die Invasiven Gebietsfremden Arten der Unionsliste der Verordnung (EU) Nr.1143\/2014, Bundesamt f\u00fcr Naturschutz.","key":"ref_1"},{"unstructured":"Wilson, D.E., and Reeder, D.M. (2005). Superfamily Muroidea. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, JHU Press.","key":"ref_2"},{"unstructured":"Scheide, D. (2012). \u00d6kologie, Verbreitung, Sch\u00e4den und Management von Myocastor coypus in Deutschland im Internationalen Vergleich, Fachbereich Geographie\/Geowissenschaften, Angewandte Biogeographie, Universit\u00e4t Trier.","key":"ref_3"},{"unstructured":"Nehring, S., Rabitsch, W., Kowarik, I., and Essl, F. (2015). Naturschutzfachliche Invasivit\u00e4tsbewertungen f\u00fcr in Deutschland wild Lebende Gebietsfremde Wirbeltiere, Bundesamt f\u00fcr Naturschutz.","key":"ref_4"},{"unstructured":"Tsiamis, K., Gervasini, E., Deriu, I., and Cardoso, A.C. (2019). Updates on the Baseline Distribution of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern, Joint Research Centre.","key":"ref_5"},{"unstructured":"Tsiamis, K., Gervasini, E., Deriu, I., D\u2019amico, F., Katsanevakis, S., and De Jesus Cardoso, A. (2019). Baseline Distribution of Species Listed in the 1st Update of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern, Joint Research Centre.","key":"ref_6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2015.02.003","article-title":"Modeling the spread of invasive nutrias (Myocastor coypus) over Iran","volume":"22","author":"Farashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Complex."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21629","article-title":"Climate change and nutria range expansion in the Eastern United States","volume":"83","author":"Hilts","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"unstructured":"Yatsuzuka, K. (2021). Species Distribution Modeling to Predict Invasion Risk of Nutria (Myocastor coypus) in Japan, Berkeley University.","key":"ref_9"},{"unstructured":"Gr\u00e4ber, R., Strau\u00df, E., R\u00f6lfing, F., and Johanhon, S. (2021). Wild und Jagd, Landesbericht 2020\/21, Landesj\u00e4gerschaft Niedersachsen.","key":"ref_10"},{"unstructured":"Vossmeyer, A., Ahrendt, W., Br\u00fchne, M., and B\u00fcdding, M. (2016). Der Einfluss der Nutria auf Rohrkolben-R\u00f6hrichte. Natur in NRW, Landesamt f\u00fcr Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen (LANUV).","key":"ref_11"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"24","article-title":"Bisam und Nutria als Gefahr f\u00fcr Gro\u00dfmuschelbest\u00e4nde","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Lauber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natur in NRW"},{"unstructured":"Sch\u00fctz, M. (2016). W\u00fchltiert\u00e4tigkeiten an Eingedeichten Flie\u00dfgew\u00e4ssern\u2014Untersuchungen zu Auswirkungen und Ma\u00dfnahmen. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden].","key":"ref_13"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/11250000701690350","article-title":"Control of a coypu Myocastor coypus population in northern Italy and management implications","volume":"75","author":"Cocchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ital. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"162","article-title":"A review of the literature on the worldwide distribution, spread of, and efforts to eradicate the coypu (Myocastor coypus)","volume":"30","author":"Carter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"37","article-title":"A five-year cycle of coypu abundance in a remnant wetland: A case of sink population collapse?","volume":"26","author":"Battisti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hystrix Ital. J. Mammal."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ripple, W., Wolf, C., Newsome, T., Barnard, P., Moomaw, W., and Grandcolas, P. (2019). World scientists\u2019 warning of a climate emergency. BioScience, in press.","key":"ref_17","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biz088"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2021.108625","article-title":"The effect of feed restriction, sex and age on the carcass composition and meat quality of nutrias (Myocastor coypus)","volume":"182","author":"Volek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3897\/neobiota.67.58196","article-title":"Economic costs of invasive alien species across Europe","volume":"67","author":"Haubrock","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeoBiota"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1981.tb03465.x","article-title":"Climatic determinants of spring littering by feral coypus, Myocastor coypus","volume":"195","author":"Gosling","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"99","article-title":"Planning and monitoring an attempt to eradicate coypus from Britain","volume":"58","author":"Gosling","year":"1987","journal-title":"Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1989.tb01561.x","article-title":"The eradication of muskrats and coypus from Britain","volume":"38","author":"Gosling","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"unstructured":"Heidecke, D., and Rieckmann, W. (1998). Die Nutria\u2014Verbreitung und Probleme\u2014Position zur Einb\u00fcrgerung. Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege in Brandenburg, Landesumweltamt Brandenburg.","key":"ref_23"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"3","article-title":"Ein Beitrag \u00fcber den Einfluss normaler und extrem kalter Winter auf die Best\u00e4nde der Bisamratte Ondatra zibethicus L.","volume":"20","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1970","journal-title":"Das Pelzgewerbe"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.1980.tb00702.x","article-title":"Daily and seasonal activity patterns of the muskrat Ondatra zibethicus as revealed by radiotelemetry","volume":"3","author":"MacArthur","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2307\/1376955","article-title":"Experiment on the adaptation of nutria to winter conditions","volume":"43","author":"Ehrlich","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985816643368","article-title":"Thermal injuries in veterinary forensic pathology","volume":"53","author":"Wohlsein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumg\u00e4rtner, W., and Gruber, A.D. (2015). Wundalterbestimmung. Allgemeine Pathologie f\u00fcr Die Tiermedizin, Enke Verlag. [2nd ed.].","key":"ref_28","DOI":"10.1055\/b-003-125792"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12040825","article-title":"Inhalation of cold air increases the number of inflammatory cells in the lungs in healthy subjects","volume":"12","author":"Larsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2235-3","article-title":"Mucociliary function deteriorates in the clinical range of inspired air temperature and humidity","volume":"30","author":"Kilgour","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(83)90112-3","article-title":"Respiratory effects of cold air breathing in anesthetized cats","volume":"54","author":"Jammes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.2.185","article-title":"Influx of neutrophils and persistence of cytokine expression in airways of horses after performing exercise while breathing cold air","volume":"68","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05600.x","article-title":"Cold air-induced late-phase bronchoconstriction in horses","volume":"36","author":"Davis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05458.x","article-title":"Airway cooling and mucosal injury during cold weather exercise","volume":"34","author":"Davis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813502821","article-title":"Failure of respiratory defenses in the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia of cattle","volume":"51","author":"Caswell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718772631","article-title":"Adiaspiromycosis in a wild European rabbit, and a review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00176","article-title":"Infrared thermography of the body surface in the Eurasian otter Lutra lutra and the giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis","volume":"6","author":"Kuhn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquat. Biol."},{"unstructured":"Tarasoff, F.J. (1972). Anatomical Observations on the River Otter, Sea Otter and Harp Seal with Reference to Those Structures That Are of Known Significance in Thermal Regulation and Diving. [Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University].","key":"ref_38"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20541","article-title":"Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals","volume":"290","author":"Reidenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Adv. Integr. Anat. Evol. Biol. Adv. Integr. Anat. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01833-y","article-title":"A newly discovered behavior (\u2018tail-belting\u2019) among wild rodents in sub zero conditions","volume":"11","author":"Stryjek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/20\/2777\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:54:26Z","timestamp":1760144066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/20\/2777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12202777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12202777","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}}}