{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:04:24Z","timestamp":1791572664937,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective pain management in horses can be a challenge despite the understanding that appropriate analgesia improves animal welfare and increases treatment success. The administration of NSAID drugs, particularly phenylbutazone and flunixin, are common practice in equine veterinary patients. Known for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, NSAIDs are used for the treatment of a variety of conditions in horses, from gastrointestinal to orthopedic pain. Despite extensive usage, NSAIDs have a narrow margin of safety and the body of literature documenting the efficacy and side effects of different NSAIDs is broad. The three main side effects associated with excessive or prolonged NSAID usage in horses include gastroduodenal ulceration, right dorsal colitis (RDC) and renal papillary necrosis. The use of cyclooxygenase-2 selective NSAIDS, such as firocoxib, are theoretically safer. The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on the use and efficacy of different NSAIDs, summarise the associated side effects of NSAID usage and evaluate the current state of knowledge for the diagnosis and treatment of such toxicities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12212939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T07:17:48Z","timestamp":1666768668000},"page":"2939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Associated Toxicities in Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jordan","family":"Flood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2464-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison J.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: Concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12383","article-title":"Recognition and quantification of pain in horses: A tutorial review","volume":"28","author":"Gleerup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet. 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