{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:08:54Z","timestamp":1789517334924,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["PNURSP2022R23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. Its effects can be critical in immunocompromised patients. However, there is a limited availability of effective, low-toxicity drugs against this disease, particularly in its chronic form. The present study evaluated the effect of propolis and wheat germ oil (WGO) as safe, natural products to reduce Toxoplasma cysts in experimentally infected mice. For the experiment, five groups (10 mice per group) were examined: Group 1: negative control (noninfected, nontreated); Group 2: positive control (infected, nontreated); Group 3: infected and treated with WGO at a dose of 0.2 mg\/1.5 mL per kg body weight\/day; Group 4: infected and treated with 0.1 mL propolis extract\/day; and Group 5: infected and treated with a combination of WGO and propolis at the same doses as Group 3 and 4. After the mice were sacrificed, liver and lung specimens underwent histopathological examination, and the parasite burden was investigated by parasitological methods and quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Notably, the results showed a substantial decrease in parasitic burden in Group 5 compared to the control group. These results were further confirmed by molecular analysis and quantification of the DNA concentration of the Toxoplasma P29 gene after treatment in all tested samples. Furthermore, the combination of propolis and WGO restored all histopathological changes in the liver and lungs. Taken together, these findings provide remarkably promising evidence of the effects of the combination of WGO and propolis against chronic toxoplasmosis in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T11:31:51Z","timestamp":1667907111000},"page":"3069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Wheat Germ Oil and Propolis Decrease Parasite Burden and Restore Marked Histopathological Changes in Liver and Lung in Mice with Chronic Toxoplasmosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3576-5738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf Mohamed","family":"Barakat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Ali Mohamed El","family":"Fadaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5511-5409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Gareh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 24101, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8895-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled A.","family":"Abd El-Razik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6415-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Abo Zakaib","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0855-4361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira A.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabry A. S.","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naief","family":"Dahran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2435-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd El-Nasser G.","family":"El-Gendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal F.","family":"El-Khadragy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4484-3678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehab Kotb","family":"Elmahallawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005100","article-title":"Biology and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in man and animals","volume":"6","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.03.007","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Dubey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Transmission, diagnosis, and prevention","volume":"8","author":"Hill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-165","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans in China","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine, N.D. (2018). The Protozoan Phylum Apicomplexa, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351076104"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frenkel, J.K. (2000). Biology of Toxoplasma gondii. Congenital Toxoplasmosis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-2-8178-0847-5_2"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267","article-title":"Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts","volume":"11","author":"Dubey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1352563","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and food consumption: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-controlled studies","volume":"58","author":"Belluco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ho-Yen, D.O., and Joss, A.W.L. (1992). Life cycle and animal infection. Human Toxoplasmosis, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapiro, K., Bahia-Oliveira, L., Dixon, B., Dum\u00e8tre, A., de Wit, L.A., VanWormer, E., and Villena, I. (2019). Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: Oocysts in water, soil and food. Food Waterborne Parasitol., 15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00049"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lass, A., Kontogeorgos, I., Ma, L., Zhang, X., Li, X., and Karanis, P. (2022). Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii in wastewater and surface water in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China using real-time PCR and multilocus genotyping. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09166-0"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2011.02.005","article-title":"Organ transplantation and blood transfusion","volume":"18","author":"Matignon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfus. Clin. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11105-3","article-title":"Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water","volume":"350","author":"Bowie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ho-Yen, D.O., and Joss, A.W. (1992). Human Toxoplasmosis, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.08.002","article-title":"The immunobiology of the innate response to Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"39","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoya, J.G., Boothroyd, J.C., and Kovacs, J.A. (2015). Toxoplasma gondii. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00280-0"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1086\/590149","article-title":"Management of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Goldstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Montoya, J.G., Bennett, J.E., and Dolin, R.F. (2000). Toxoplasma gondii, Churchill Livingstone. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.02.003","article-title":"Early passage of Toxoplasma gondii across the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"38","author":"Ross","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, D.E., and Dubey, J.P. (2018). Toxoplasma gondii as a parasite in food: Analysis and control. Preharvest Food Safety; Microbiol Spectrum 4: PFS-0011-2015, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PFS-0011-2015"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guevara, R.B., Fox, B.A., Falla, A., and Bzik, D.J. (2019). Toxoplasma gondii intravacuolar-network-associated dense granule proteins regulate maturation of the cyst matrix and cyst wall. MSphere, 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00487-19"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01055","article-title":"Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014","volume":"79","author":"Newman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"17","article-title":"In vitro antitrichomonal effect of Nigella sativa aqueous extract and wheat germ agglutinin","volume":"16","author":"Tonkal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-017-0973-8","article-title":"Assessment of spiramycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles treatment on acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice","volume":"42","author":"Etewa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.705","article-title":"Wheat germ supplement reduces cyst and trophozoite passage in people with giardiasis","volume":"65","author":"Grant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM.1998.75.1.43","article-title":"Heat-shock protein 70 and dough-quality changes resulting from heat stress during grain filling in wheat","volume":"75","author":"Blumenthal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"12","article-title":"A study on the Amoebicidal effect of Nigella sativa aqueous and alcoholic extracts and wheat germ agglutinin on pathogenic Acanthamoeba","volume":"3","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"443","article-title":"Role of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in treatment of experimental cryptosporidiosis","volume":"33","author":"Moustafa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Carvalho, R., Baltazar, F., and Almeida-Aguiar, C. (2015). Propolis: A Complex Natural Product with a Plethora of Biological Activities That Can Be Explored for Drug Development. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/206439"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"13","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds of Propolis from the Boreal Coniferous Zone","volume":"56","author":"Salonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Apic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00326-3","article-title":"Phenolic compounds from Brazilian propolis with pharmacological activities","volume":"74","author":"Marcucci","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siheri, W., Ebiloma, G., Igoli, J., Gray, A., Biddau, M., Akrachalanont, P., Alenezi, S., Alwashih, M., Edrada-Ebel, R., and Muller, S. (2019). Isolation of a Novel Flavanonol and an Alkylresorcinol with Highly Potent Anti-Trypanosomal Activity from Libyan propolis. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061041"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De L Paula, L.A., C\u00e2ndido, A., Santos, M.F.C., Caffrey, C.R., Bastos, J.K., Ambr\u00f3sio, S.R., and Magalh\u00e3es, L.G. (2021). Antiparasitic Properties of Propolis Extracts and Their Compounds. Chem Biodivers, 18.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202100310"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebou\u00e7as-Silva, J., Celes, F.S., Lima, J.B., Barud, H.S., de Oliveira, C.I., Berretta, A.A., and Borges, V.M. (2017). Parasite Killing of Leishmania (V) braziliensis by Standardized Propolis Extracts. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6067172"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alotaibi, A., Ebiloma, G., Williams, R., Alenezi, S., Donachie, A., Guillaume, S., Igoli, J., Fearnley, J., De Koning, H., and Watson, D. (2019). European propolis is highly active against trypanosomatids including Crithidia fasciculata. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47840-y"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulhendri, F., and Chandrasekaran, K. (2021). Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiparasitic Properties of Propolis: A Review. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061360"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2017.03.004","article-title":"Effect of Egyptian propolis on cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed rats with special emphasis on oocysts shedding, leukogram, protein profile and ileum histopathology","volume":"10","author":"Soufy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.08.002","article-title":"Sensory metabolites profiling in Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) organs and in response to roasting as analyzed via chemometric tools","volume":"97","author":"Farag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lwt"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farag, M.A., Ammar, N.M., El Gendy, A.N., and Mohsen, E. (2019). Effect of grilling as processing method on Zea mays (corn) metabolites composition as analyzed via SPME GC-MS and chemometrics. J. Food Process. Preserv., 43.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.14165"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"63","article-title":"Yield and qualitative characterisation of seeds of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. and Amaranthus cruentus L. grown in central Italy","volume":"13","author":"Tavarini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP2019.5077","article-title":"Effect of the anticancer drug tamoxifen on chronic toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected rats","volume":"13","author":"Selem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4267","article-title":"Encephalitozoon intestinalis: Humoral responses in interferon-\u03b3 receptor knockout mice infected with a microsporidium pathogenic in AIDS patients","volume":"89","author":"Achbarou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-020-06429-y","article-title":"Curcumin@ metal organic frameworks nano-composite for treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis","volume":"31","author":"Hegab","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2021\/9.7.1045.1052","article-title":"In vivo-cellular and humoral immune response for evaluation of propolis effect on chronic toxoplasmosis in rats","volume":"9","author":"Hegazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.07.002","article-title":"The antioxidant effect of wheat germ oil on subchronic coumaphos exposure in mice","volume":"74","author":"Karabacak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1648","article-title":"Tamoxifen increased the parasite burden and induced a series of histopathological and immunohistocehmical changes during chronic toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected Mice","volume":"13","author":"Barakat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Bancroft, J.D., and Gamble, M. (2008). Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813485099","article-title":"Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research","volume":"50","author":"Olivier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3416-1","article-title":"Upregulated expression of Tim-3 involved in the process of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mouse model","volume":"112","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, P.M., Coltman, D.W., Murray, B.W., Hamelin, R.C., and Sperling, F.A. (2011). Spatial genetic structure of a symbiotic beetle-fungal system: Toward multi-taxa integrated landscape genetics. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025359"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230252824761","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of nonneoplastic lesions in toxicology studies","volume":"30","author":"Shackelford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06522-y","article-title":"Effect of cultured white soft cheese on the histopathological changes in the kidneys and liver of albino rats","volume":"12","author":"Salman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05183-11","article-title":"Significant reduction of brain cysts caused by Toxoplasma gondii after treatment with spiramycin coadministered with metronidazole in a mouse model of chronic toxoplasmosis","volume":"56","author":"Chew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"209","article-title":"Efficacy of olibanum and propolis medicinal extracts versus metronidazole in Giardia lamblia experimentally infected mice","volume":"1","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmahallawy, E.K., El Fadaly, H.A.M., Soror, A.H., Ali, F.A.Z., Abd El-Razik, K.A., Soliman, Y.A., Alkhaldi, A.A.M., Albezrah, N.K.A., and Barakat, A.M. (2022). Novel insights on the potential activity of propolis and wheat germ oil against chronic toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected mice. Biomed. Pharm., 156.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113811"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagras, N.A.-e., Mogahed, N.M.F.H., Sheta, E., Darwish, A.A.-e., El-Hawary, M.A., Hamed, M.T., and Elwakil, B.H. (2022). The powerful synergistic effect of spiramycin\/propolis loaded chitosan\/alginate nanoparticles on acute murine toxoplasmosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010268"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touzani, S., Embaslat, W., and Imtara, H. (2019). In Vitro Evaluation of the Potential Use of Propolis as a Multitarget Therapeutic Product: Physicochemical Properties, Chemical Composition, and Immunomodulatory, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Properties. Biomed. Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4836378"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-020-00254-7","article-title":"Promising anti-protozoan activities of propolis (bee glue) as natural product: A review","volume":"66","author":"Asfaram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antwi, C.A., Amisigo, C.M., Adjimani, J.P., and Gwira, T.M. (2019). In vitro activity and mode of action of phenolic compounds on Leishmania donovani. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007206"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1190","article-title":"Mitochondria and hydrogenosomes are two forms of the same fundamental organelle","volume":"358","author":"Embley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsen, C.C. (1985). Amino acid composition and biological value of cereal germs. Amino Acid Composition and Biological Value of Cereal Proteins, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5307-9_27"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2003.08.003","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of vegetables and juices","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR10.416","article-title":"Studies of phytochemical constituents and anti-trypanosomal properties of fermented wheat germ and garlic bulbs extract on Trypanosoma brucei \u00e2\u20ac\u201cinfected rats","volume":"4","author":"Oluwatosin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4310","article-title":"Diagnosis of leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"53","article-title":"Zoonotic Importance of Toxoplasma gondii Tissue Cysts in Chickens","volume":"23","author":"Salem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Benha Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5853","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01667-07","article-title":"The Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein GRA7 is phosphorylated upon invasion and forms an unexpected association with the rhoptry proteins ROP2 and ROP4","volume":"76","author":"Dunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg, D., Madan, N., Qaqish, O., Nagarakanti, S., and Patel, V. (2020). Pulmonary toxoplasmosis diagnosed on transbronchial lung biopsy in a mechanically ventilated patient. Case Rep. Infect. Dis., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9710182"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2015-203385","article-title":"Pulmonary toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients with interstitial pneumonia: A single-centre prospective study assessing PCR-based diagnosis","volume":"69","author":"Desoubeaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/22\/3069\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:12:26Z","timestamp":1760145146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/22\/3069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12223069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12223069","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]}}}