{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:07:40Z","timestamp":1761541660481,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007173","name":"Japan Racing Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01002A","01002AB2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01002A","01002AB2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007173","name":"Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01002A","01002AB2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01002A","01002AB2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reduced productivity caused by infections, particularly respiratory diseases, is a serious problem in pig farming. We have previously reported polymorphisms in porcine pattern recognition receptor genes affecting molecular functions and demonstrated that the 2197A\/C polymorphism in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) gene influences porcine circovirus 2-induced mortality. Here, we investigated how these polymorphisms affect respiratory disease-induced lesions, using samples from a slaughterhouse dealing with pigs from two farms. Lung lesions were evaluated using two scoring systems, Goodwin (GW) and slaughterhouse pleuritis evaluation system (SPES), to determine the influence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), respectively. SPES scores were significantly higher when the 1205T allele of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5-1205T), rather than TLR5-1205C, was present. On the farm with more severe Mhp invasion, lower GW lesion scores were significantly associated with the presence of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-2906G allele; where App invasion was worse, lower SPES scores were significantly associated with the presence of the NOD2-2197C allele. Combinations of polymorphisms in pattern recognition receptor genes can therefore be utilized for breeding for resistance against respiratory diseases in pigs. DNA markers of these polymorphisms can thus be used to improve productivity by reducing respiratory diseases due to bacterial pathogens in pig livestock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T03:26:04Z","timestamp":1668655564000},"page":"3163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Polymorphisms in Pattern Recognition Receptor Genes Are Associated with Respiratory Disease Severity in Pig Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kasumi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan"},{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Shinkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gou","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshimi","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takato","family":"Takenouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4586-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruki","family":"Kitazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3899-9580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirohide","family":"Uenishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00470-20","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00470-20","article-title":"Paracellular pathway-mediated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae migration across porcine airway epithelial barrier under air-liquid interface conditions","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. 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