{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T08:53:15Z","timestamp":1785315195997,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)","award":["N41D640003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41D640003"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)","award":["62-2\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62-2\/04"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)","award":["60\/SRF11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60\/SRF11"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University (Bangkok, Thailand)","award":["N41D640003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41D640003"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University (Bangkok, Thailand)","award":["62-2\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62-2\/04"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University (Bangkok, Thailand)","award":["60\/SRF11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60\/SRF11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) is becoming more prevalent in canine pyoderma, the discovery of new therapeutic options is required. This study aimed to test the antimicrobial activity of crude Piper betle leaf extract and some topical antimicrobial agents against canine Staphylococcus clinical strains by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results showed that the mean MICs of chlorhexidine, miconazole, crude P. betle leaf extract, azelaic acid, and benzoyl peroxide against Staphylococcus strains were 1.41, 1.62, 252.78, 963.49, and 1342.70 mg\/L, respectively. Therefore, betel leaf extract demonstrated a superior efficacy to azelaic acid and benzoyl peroxide. Furthermore, the ratio of MBC\/MIC of betel leaf extract was 1.75, indicating its bactericidal action. When applied to methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP), betel leaf extract was equally efficient towards both groups. S. pseudintermedius strains were more susceptible to betel leaf extract than S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans. In gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry analysis, eugenol and hydroxychavicol appeared to be the major components of betel leaf extract. Given its efficacy, dogs with pyoderma could benefit from the use of betel leaf extract as a topical antimicrobial alternative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:11:21Z","timestamp":1669000281000},"page":"3203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Piper betle Leaf Extract and Some Topical Agents against Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Strains from Canine Pyoderma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Patcharaporn","family":"Phensri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kokaew","family":"Thummasema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udomlak","family":"Sukatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3986-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Morand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIVEGEC, CNRS-IRD-Montpellier University, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3245-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantima","family":"Pruksakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.16.533","article-title":"Survey of the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of dermatological conditions in small animals in general practice","volume":"158","author":"Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. 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