{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:51:08Z","timestamp":1762325468262,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"John and Mary Kibble Bequest for Companion Animal Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Animals with tick paralysis often require mechanical ventilation (MV) but previous publications have identified knowledge gaps regarding the development of bacterial pneumonia, and the specific pathogens involved. The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical course and culture and susceptibility profiles of bacteria isolated from airway samples of dogs and cats mechanically ventilated for tick paralysis that had positive airway cultures. Medical records were reviewed, and cases included if they had a positive airway sample culture during MV for tick paralysis. Twenty-four dogs and two cats were included. Most (85%) received empirical antimicrobials before airway sampling. The most common organisms isolated included Staphylococcus spp. (11), Klebsiella spp. (9), Enterococcus faecalis (8), Escherichia coli (6), Enterococcus faecium (3), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4), and Mycoplasma spp. (3). Evidence of aspiration pneumonia was present in 22\/25 (88%) cases that had thoracic radiographs performed. Seventy-seven percent of cases received antimicrobials to which the cultured bacteria were susceptible during hospitalisation. The median duration of MV was 4 days (range 1\u201310). Most (77%) survived to discharge, 19% were euthanised, and one died. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis it was identified that selection of antimicrobials to which the causative bacteria are susceptible was associated with survival to discharge (Odds ratio 45.8, p = 0.014; 95%CI 1.98\u201314,808), as was length of MV, with every day an animal is ventilated associated with a 4.7 times increased chance of survival (p = 0.015; 95% CI 1.21\u201378.4).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T04:31:16Z","timestamp":1669609876000},"page":"3304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Positive Airway Cultures in Dogs and Cats Receiving Mechanical Ventilation for Tick Paralysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Suzanne Suk Kwan","family":"Tso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pet Intensive Care, Underwood, QLD 4119, Australia"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellie","family":"Leister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pet Intensive Care, Underwood, QLD 4119, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1797-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire Rebecca","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heller Consulting Pty Ltd., Gulbali Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2202-8082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine S.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09664.x","article-title":"Infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus 3. Respiratory effects","volume":"64","author":"Ilkiw","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12126","article-title":"Management of respiratory failure from tick paralysis","volume":"91","author":"Haskins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(91)50016-4","article-title":"Tick Paralysis in North America and Australia","volume":"21","author":"Malik","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12130","article-title":"Clinical presentation and treatment of tick paralysis in dogs and cats in Sydney (2001\u20132010)","volume":"91","author":"Westwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17733628","article-title":"Clinical presentations, treatments and risk factors for mortality in cats with tick paralysis caused by Ixodes holocyclus: 2077 cases (2008\u20132016)","volume":"20","author":"Leister","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.06.006","article-title":"Tick toxicity in cats caused by Ixodes species in Australia: A review of published literature","volume":"9","author":"Schull","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12061","article-title":"Indications, durations and outcomes of mechanical ventilation in dogs and cats with tick paralysis caused by Ixodes holocyclus: 61 cases (2008\u20132011)","volume":"91","author":"Webster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12891","article-title":"Tick paralysis in dogs and cats in Australia: Treatment and prevention deliverables from 100 years of research","volume":"98","author":"Padula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Panel, A.P.T.A. (2020). Tick Paralysis of Dogs and Cats-An Updated Guide to Diagnosis, Management, Treatment and Prevention, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia Pty Ltd."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Silverstein, D.C., and Hopper, K. (2015). Aspiration pneumonitis and pneumonia. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2017.05.003","article-title":"Aspiration Pneumonia in the Dog: A Review","volume":"32","author":"Sherman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverstein, D.C., and Hopper, K. (2015). Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine, Elsevier. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-0306-7.00037-4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16434","article-title":"Impact of cytidine diphosphocholine on oxygenation in client-owned dogs with aspiration pneumonia","volume":"36","author":"Young","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.11.1742","article-title":"Clinical, clinicopathologic, and radiographic findings in dogs with aspiration pneumonia: 88 cases (2004\u20132006)","volume":"233","author":"Kogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.11.1748","article-title":"Etiology and clinical outcome in dogs with aspiration pneumonia: 88 cases (2004\u20132006)","volume":"233","author":"Kogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00542.x","article-title":"Potential risks, prognostic indicators, and diagnostic and treatment modalities affecting survival in dogs with presumptive aspiration pneumonia: 125 cases (2005\u20132008)","volume":"20","author":"Tart","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Veter. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"CLSI (2020). CLSI Supplement VET01S. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [5th ed.]. In Appendix B. Intrinsic Resistance."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03736-w","article-title":"Initial antimicrobial management of sepsis","volume":"25","author":"Niederman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002255","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016","volume":"45","author":"Rhodes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.04.011","article-title":"Distribution, seasonality and risk factors for tick paralysis in Australian dogs and cats","volume":"196","author":"Eppleston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14627","article-title":"Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases","volume":"31","author":"Lappin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Holloway, S., Trott, D., Shipstone, M., Barrs, V., Malik, R., and Burrows, M. (2013). Australasian Infectious Diseases Advisory Panel (AIDAP) Antibiotic Prescribing Detailed Guidelines, Zoetis Inc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06036-z","article-title":"Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill adult patients\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Fernando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensiv. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society, and Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005). Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired, Ventilator-associated, and Healthcare-associated Pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 171, 388\u2013416.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200405-644ST"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2007.11.014","article-title":"Comprehensive evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ventilator-associated pneumonia: Prevention","volume":"23","author":"Muscedere","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16310","article-title":"Bacterial infection in dogs with aspiration pneumonia at 2 tertiary referral practices","volume":"35","author":"Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Silverstein, D.C., and Hopper, K. (2015). Gram-positive infections. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/23\/3304\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:27Z","timestamp":1760146047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/23\/3304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12233304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12233304","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]}}}