{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:23:53Z","timestamp":1790025833342,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Southern Illinois University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Starch gelatinization in pet food may be affected by moisture, retention time, and ingredients used. Starch gelatinization has been associated with changes in digestibility but is not well studied using non-traditional ingredients in canine diets. The objective of this research was to examine differences in starch content and gelatinization associated with changes in ingredient profile (traditional vs. non-traditional) and nutrient content requirements associated with differing life stages. Traditional diets (n = 10) utilizing protein sources including chicken, chicken by-product meal, meat and bone meal and plant-based ingredients including rice, barley, oats, and corn were examined in comparison with non-traditional diets (n = 10) utilizing protein sources including alligator, buffalo, venison, kangaroo, squid, quail, rabbit, and salmon along with plant-based ingredients including tapioca, chickpeas, lentils, potato, and pumpkin. Total starch and gelatinized starch (as percent of total diet) were measured with variation due to ingredient type assessed using Student\u2019s t-test in SAS 9.4. Significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Total starch (as a percent of diet) was higher in traditional diets compared to non-traditional diets formulated for maintenance (p &lt; 0.0032) or all life stages (p &lt; 0.0128). However, starch gelatinization as a proportion of total starch was lower in traditional diets formulated for maintenance (p &lt; 0.0165) and all life stages (p &lt; 0.0220). Total starch and gelatinized starch had a strong negative correlation (r = \u22120.78; p &lt; 0.01) in diets utilizing traditional ingredients. These novel data reveal important differences between starch content and gelatinization and may impact selection of various ingredient types by pet food manufacturers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T03:49:13Z","timestamp":1669780153000},"page":"3357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Assessment of Starch Content and Gelatinization in Traditional and Non-Traditional Dog Food Formulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Erin Beth","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa Ann","family":"Valach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse Marie","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Administration, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NRC (2006). Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky488","article-title":"Special topic: The association between pulse ingredients and canine dilated cardiomyopathy: Addressing the knowledge gaps before establishing causation1","volume":"97","author":"Mansilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(03)00203-7","article-title":"Evaluation of soybean meal as a protein source in canine foods","volume":"109","author":"Yamka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5380\/avs.v23i1Esp.61253","article-title":"Characterization of plant-based protein sources for use in canine and feline nutrition","volume":"23","author":"Reilly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0473","article-title":"Chemical composition, true nutrient digestibility, and true metabolizable energy of novel pet food protein sources using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay","volume":"94","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaa018","article-title":"Starch characterization of commercial extruded dry pet foods","volume":"4","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Wendt Thiex, N.J. (2016). Animal Feed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, AOAC International."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3247","article-title":"Effects of extrusion processing on nutrients in dry pet food","volume":"88","author":"Tran","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3390\/ani4020254","article-title":"The effects of cooking process and meat inclusion on pet food flavor and texture characteristics","volume":"4","author":"Koppel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"131","article-title":"Using of Pelleted and Extruded Foods in Dog Feeding","volume":"24","author":"Inal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kafkas. Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422413000103","article-title":"The Malliard reaction and pet food processing: Effects on nutritive value and pet health","volume":"26","author":"Bosch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.015","article-title":"The effect of extrusion on the nutritional value of canine diets as assessed by in vitro indicators","volume":"138","author":"Lankhorst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1094\/CFW-58-5-0232","article-title":"Pet food processing: Understanding transformations in starch during extrusion and baking","volume":"58","author":"Gibson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereal Foods World"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.792435x","article-title":"In vitro fermentation characteristics of native and processed cereal grains and potato starch using ileal chyme from dogs","volume":"79","author":"Murray","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"45","article-title":"Faecal and ileal digestibility in the dog of diets rich in wheat or tapioca","volume":"174","author":"Wolter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rescueil Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00794.x","article-title":"Effects of six carbohydrate sources on dog diet digestibility and post-prandial glucose and insulin response","volume":"92","author":"Carciofi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz237","article-title":"Effect of ancient grains and grain-free carbohydrate sources on extrusion parameters and nutrient utilization by dogs","volume":"97","author":"Pezzali","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.003","article-title":"Thermal energy application on extrusion and nutritional characteristics of dog foods","volume":"243","author":"Pacheco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0230-5","article-title":"Resistant starch can improve insulin sensitivity independently of the gut microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Bindels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.03.003","article-title":"Effect of different starch sources in a raw meat-based diet on fecal microbiome in dogs housed in a shelter","volume":"6","author":"Sandri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8074","article-title":"Evaluation of conditioning time and temperature on gelatinized starch and vitamin retention in a pelleted swine diet","volume":"93","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"AAFCO (2015). Official Publication, Association of American Feed Control Officials."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/23\/3357\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:29:53Z","timestamp":1760146193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/23\/3357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12233357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12233357","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]}}}