{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:46:40Z","timestamp":1783111600852,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Massey School of Veterinary Science Postgraduate Research fund","award":["11\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian malaria caused by Plasmodium species is a known cause of mortality in avifauna worldwide, however reports within New Zealand kiwi (Apteryx spp.) are scant. Postmortem reports from kiwi were obtained from the Massey University\/Te Kunenga ki P\u016brehuroa School of Veterinary Science Pathology Register from August 2010\u2013August 2020. Gross lesions were described from postmortem reports, and archived H.E.-stained slides used for histological assessment. Nested PCR testing was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples to assess the presence of Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii DNA and cases with a PCR-positive result were sequenced to determine the lineage involved. Of 1005 postmortem reports, 23 cases of confirmed or suspected avian malaria were included in this study. The most consistent gross lesions included splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and interstitial pneumonia with oedema. Histological lesions were characterised by severe interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, interstitial myocarditis, hepatic sinusoidal congestion and hypercellularity, and splenic macrophage hyperplasia and hyperaemia\/congestion with numerous haemosiderophages. Cytoplasmic meronts were consistently found within endothelial cells of a variety of tissues, and within tissue macrophages of the liver, lung and spleen. A diagnosis of avian malaria was confirmed via PCR testing in 13 cases, with sequencing revealing P. matutinum (LINN1) and P. elongatum (GRW6) as the species involved. This is the largest case series describing the pathology of avian malaria as a cause of mortality in endemic New Zealand avifauna.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T03:57:28Z","timestamp":1669867048000},"page":"3376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Pathology of Fatal Avian Malaria Due to Plasmodium elongatum (GRW6) and Plasmodium matutinum (LINN1) Infection in New Zealand Kiwi (Apteryx spp.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6337-4259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Gulliver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6296-832X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laryssa","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0434-9096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Castillo-Alcala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Avian malaria in New Zealand dotterel","volume":"4","author":"Reed","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kokako"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2008.36842","article-title":"An outbreak of avian malaria in captive yellowheads\/mohua (Mohoua ochrocephala)","volume":"56","author":"Alley","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"39","article-title":"Plasmodium relictum identified as a cause of mortality in a blackbird, Turdus merula, from Mokoia Island","volume":"16","author":"Schoener","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kokako"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011001491","article-title":"Diversity, distribution and biogeographical origins of Plasmodium parasites from the New Zealand bellbird (Anthornis melanura)","volume":"138","author":"Baillie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2012.01833.x","article-title":"Establishment of exotic parasites: The origins and characteristics of an avian malaria community in an isolated island avifauna","volume":"15","author":"Ewen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2577-z","article-title":"Malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) infecting introduced, native and endemic New Zealand birds","volume":"110","author":"Howe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2012.736130","article-title":"A cluster of avian malaria cases in a kiwi management programme","volume":"61","author":"Banda","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"21","article-title":"Avian malaria caused by Plasmodium elongatum in a Fiordland crested penguin","volume":"22","author":"Hunter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kokako"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.20417\/nzjecol.40.8","article-title":"Avian malaria in introduced, native and endemic New Zealand bird species in a mixed ecosystem","volume":"40","author":"Sijbranda","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"21","article-title":"An outbreak of avian malaria in yellow-eyed penguins, Megadyptes antipodes","volume":"26","author":"Alley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kokako"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.2006.9517799","article-title":"Relationship between avian malaria distribution and an exotic invasive mosquito in New Zealand","volume":"36","author":"Tompkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. N. Z."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2007)32[154:PDOPAB]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"PCR detection of Plasmodium and blood meal identification in a native New Zealand mosquito","volume":"32","author":"Massey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2013.871195","article-title":"Avian malaria in New Zealand","volume":"62","author":"Schoener","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2019.1680326","article-title":"Presence and diversity of mixed avian Plasmodium spp. infections in introduced birds whose distribution overlapped with threatened New Zealand endemic birds","volume":"68","author":"Schoener","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012002089","article-title":"High prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp. in the endangered yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) in the sub-Antarctic regions of New Zealand","volume":"140","author":"Argilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.1976.9517893","article-title":"Leucocytozoon tawaki n. sp.(Eucoccida: Leucocytozoidae) from the penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, and preliminary observations on its development in Austrosimulium spp.(Diptera: Simuliidae)","volume":"3","author":"Fallis","year":"1976","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.11.005","article-title":"Plasmodium spp.: An experimental study on vertebrate host susceptibility to avian malaria","volume":"148","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12047","article-title":"Immunity, resistance and tolerance in bird\u2013parasite interactions","volume":"35","author":"Sorci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1746-7","article-title":"Exo-erythrocytic development of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites","volume":"16","author":"Iezhova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2307\/3273691","article-title":"Symposium on Exoerythrocytic Forms of Malarial Parasites. IV. The Chemotherapy and Immunology of Pre-Erythrocytic Stages in Avian Malaria","volume":"34","author":"Coulston","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2359-5","article-title":"Keys to the avian malaria parasites","volume":"17","author":"Iezhova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00034-1","article-title":"A review of toxoplasmosis in wild birds","volume":"106","author":"Dubey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, R.E., Reavill, D.R., and Phalen, D.N. (2015). Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds, Wiley Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118828007"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.039","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of serological tests, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic chickens","volume":"204","author":"Boechat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.569533","article-title":"Application of in-situ hybridization for the detection and identification of avian malaria parasites in paraffin wax-embedded tissues from captive penguins","volume":"40","author":"Dinhopl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1570.1","article-title":"A comparative analysis of microscopy and PCR-based detection methods for blood parasites","volume":"94","author":"Valkiunas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Robertson, H.A., Baird, K.A., Elliott, G.P., Hitchmough, R.A., McArthur, N.J., Makan, T.D., Miskelly, C.M., O\u2019Donnell, C.F., Sagar, P.M., and Scofield, R.P. (2021). New Zealand Threat Classification Series 36: Conservation Status of Birds in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2021."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"27","article-title":"Role of predation in the decline of kiwi, Apteryx spp., in New Zealand","volume":"20","author":"McLennan","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Pierce, R.J., and Sporle, W. (1997). Causes of Kiwi Mortality in Northland."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulliver, E.L., Hunter, S.A., Vallee, E., and Castillo-Alcala, F. (N. Z. Vet. J., 2022). Causes of mortality of kiwi (Apteryx spp.) in New Zealand: A retrospective analysis of postmortem records, 2010\u20132020, N. Z. Vet. J., in press.","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2022.2154716"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"11","article-title":"First record of avian malaria in kiwi","volume":"7","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kokako"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-184R1","article-title":"A new PCR assay for simultaneous studies of Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, and Haemoproteus from avian blood","volume":"90","author":"Hellgren","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00070-X","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in commercial meat products as monitored by polymerase chain reaction\u2013food for thought?","volume":"32","author":"Aspinall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.11.001","article-title":"An atypical genotype of Toxoplasma gondii as a cause of mortality in Hector\u2019s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori)","volume":"192","author":"Roe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.398-400.2001","article-title":"Rapid identification of virulent type I strains of the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis at the B1 gene","volume":"39","author":"Grigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14012","article-title":"A type II variant of Toxoplasma gondii infects the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in southern Italy","volume":"69","author":"Viscardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Germano, J., Barlow, S., Castro, I., Colbourne, R., Cox, M., Gillies, C., Hackwell, K., Harawira, J., Impey, M., and Reuben, A. (2018). Threatened Species Recovery Plan 64: Kiwi Recovery Plan 2018\u20132028."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621974","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.621974","article-title":"Plasmodium matutinum transmitted by Culex pipiens as a cause of avian malaria in captive african penguins (Spheniscus demersus) in Italy","volume":"8","author":"Iurescia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0160-9","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathology of avian malaria in penguins undergoing rehabilitation in Brazil","volume":"46","author":"Vanstreels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2017.1359124","article-title":"Cases of mortality in little penguins (Eudyptula minor) in New Zealand associated with avian malaria","volume":"65","author":"Sijbranda","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2022.06.010","article-title":"Molecular and epidemiological surveillance of Plasmodium spp. during a mortality event affecting Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) at a zoo in the UK","volume":"19","author":"Himmel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6155-5","article-title":"Pathological and molecular characterization of avian malaria in captive Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in South America","volume":"118","author":"Taunde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson, C.T., Thomas, N.J., and Hunter, D.B. (2008). Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780813804620"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.4.860","article-title":"Presence and seasonal prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in a rare endemic New Zealand passerine (tieke or saddleback, Philesturnus carunculatus)","volume":"47","author":"Castro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"24","article-title":"The development of Operation Nest Egg as a tool in the conservation management of kiwi","volume":"259","author":"Colbourne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2021.113784","article-title":"Relationships between avian malaria resilience and corticosterone, testosterone and prolactin in a Hawaiian songbird","volume":"308","author":"Names","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200007582X","article-title":"Wildlife disease and conservation in Hawaii: Pathogenicity of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in experimentally infected Iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea)","volume":"111","author":"Atkinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1220-y","article-title":"Sex-dependent differences in avian malaria prevalence and consequences of infections on nestling growth and adult condition in the Tawny pipit, Anthus campestris","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1960.tb00726.x","article-title":"Serum alterations in avian malaria","volume":"7","author":"Sherman","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Atkinson, C., and Paxton, E. (2013). Immunological Markers for Tolerance to Avian Malaria in Hawaiiamakihi: New Tools for Restoring Native Hawaiian Forest Birds?, University of Hawaii at Hilo."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2926-4","article-title":"The experimental study on susceptibility of common European songbirds to Plasmodium elongatum (lineage pGRW6), a widespread avian malaria parasite","volume":"18","author":"Palinauskas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"254","article-title":"Immunogenetics and resistance to avian malaria in Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae)","volume":"22","author":"Jarvi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stud. Avian Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.2.197","article-title":"Pathogenicity of avian malaria in experimentally-infected Hawaii Amakihi","volume":"36","author":"Atkinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932944","article-title":"Characteristics of naturally acquired avian malaria infections in naive juvenile African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus)","volume":"80","author":"Graczyk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00022008","article-title":"Protozoa in respiratory pathology: A review","volume":"32","author":"Esteban","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2307\/1942550","article-title":"The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds","volume":"56","author":"Goff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"381","article-title":"The pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in humans: Insights from splenic physiology","volume":"117","author":"Buffet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000737","article-title":"Molecular characterization and distribution of Plasmodium matutinum, a common avian malaria parasite","volume":"144","author":"Palinauskas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0892-9","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction-based identification of Plasmodium (Huffia) elongatum, with remarks on species identity of haemosporidian lineages deposited in GenBank","volume":"102","author":"Valkiunas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocumelli, C., Iurescia, M., Diaconu, E.L., Galietta, V., Raso, C., Buccella, C., Stravino, F., Grande, F., Fiorucci, L., and De Liberato, C. (2021). Plasmodium matutinum causing avian malaria in Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis) hosted in an Italian zoo. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071356"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2020.12.007","article-title":"Fatal avian malaria in captive Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) in Switzerland","volume":"14","author":"Meister","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.09.004","article-title":"Efficiency evaluation of a DNA extraction and purification protocol on archival formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue","volume":"194","author":"Farrugia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/95.2.117","article-title":"PCR amplification from paraffin-embedded tissues: Effects of fixative and fixation time","volume":"95","author":"Greer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/108.2.459","article-title":"DNA quality and accuracy of avian malaria PCR diagnostics: A review","volume":"108","author":"Freed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"3","article-title":"Some aspects of the pathogenesis and comparative pathology of toxoplasmosis","volume":"49","author":"Turner","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. South Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Taylor, H.S., Howe, L., Bolwell, C.F., Lenting, B., Morgan, K.J., and McInnes, K. Toxoplasma gondii exposure prevalence in little spotted kiwi (Apteryx owenii), J. Wildl. Dis., in press."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5536-5","article-title":"A retrospective survey into the presence of Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in archived tissue samples from New Zealand raptors: New Zealand falcons (Falco novaeseelandiae), Australasian harriers (Circus approximans) and moreporks (Ninox novaeseelandiae)","volume":"116","author":"Mirza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/23\/3376\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:31:06Z","timestamp":1760146266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/23\/3376"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12233376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12233376","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}}}