{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T03:22:54Z","timestamp":1784690574545,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["21K14990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K14990"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["2020C045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C045"]}]},{"name":"Kieikai Research Foundation","award":["21K14990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K14990"]}]},{"name":"Kieikai Research Foundation","award":["2020C045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to assess the sequential dynamics of the endometrial polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) after calving by endometrial cytology, and clarify the factors that cause prolonged endometrial inflammation in lactating dairy cows. A total of 33 lactating Holstein dairy cows were used from \u22124 to 8 wk relative to calving (0 wk: the calving week). Endometrial samples were obtained sequentially from 2 to 8 wk. Body condition score and backfat thickness were obtained weekly from \u22124 to 8 wk. Blood samples collected from \u22124 to 8 wk were analyzed for indicators of energy status, hepatic function, systemic inflammation, and calcium. Blood amino acids were measured at 2 wk. Daily milk production was determined between 5 and 65 d postpartum. Based on the sequential cytological analysis, the endometrial inflammation threshold was set at \u22655.0% PMN, and the median wk of PMN% lower than 5.0% was 4.5 wk in this study; therefore, we classified the cows into the early group (cows with endometrial inflammation converged within 4 wk: n = 17) and the late group (cows with endometrial inflammation converged at or after 5 wk: n = 16). There were no differences in daily milk production, energy status, hepatic function, blood calcium concentration, and systemic inflammatory response. The late group had lower body condition scores and backfat thickness during the experimental period, and a higher blood concentration of 3-methyl histidine, indicating muscle breakdown, was observed in the late group at 2 wk. Our findings indicated that the lack of body fat reservation during the peripartum period and the increased muscle breakdown after calving were risk factors for prolonged endometrial inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T04:10:02Z","timestamp":1670213402000},"page":"3401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of Prolonged Endometrial Inflammation Associated with the Periparturient Metabolic State in Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rena","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saku","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miya","family":"Yasukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomochika","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asuka","family":"Kanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukari","family":"Nozue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuriko","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itaru","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuji Animal Farm, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Fujikawaguchiko, Yamanashi 401-0338, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujiro","family":"Hagita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuji Animal Farm, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Fujikawaguchiko, Yamanashi 401-0338, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Mizutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Tajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadaharu","family":"Ajito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-0649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryotaro","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74302-6","article-title":"Defining and diagnosing postpartum clinical endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows","volume":"85","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.49.485","article-title":"Risk factors for postpartum endometritis and the effect of endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows in Korea","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10797","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18592","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for reproductive disorders in organic certified dairies","volume":"103","author":"Velez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2003.03.001","article-title":"Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows","volume":"62","author":"Kasimanickam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5363","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3356","article-title":"Relationships between endometritis and metabolic state during the transition period in pasture-grazed dairy cows","volume":"93","author":"Burke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3439","article-title":"Cow-level and herd-level risk factors for subclinical endometritis in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"94","author":"Cheong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5764","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3429","article-title":"Risk factors for postpartum uterine diseases in dairy cows","volume":"93","author":"Dubuc","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.06.005","article-title":"Metabolic markers for purulent vaginal discharge and subclinical endometritis in dairy cows","volume":"155","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105300","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic methods for uterine health in dairy cattle on different days postpartum","volume":"186","author":"Kusaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2551","article-title":"Association between uterine disease and indicators of neutrophil and systemic energy status in lactating holstein cows","volume":"93","author":"Flaminio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77244-1","article-title":"Direct analysis of body composition of dairy cows at threephysiological stages","volume":"77","author":"Andrew","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(95)76725-X","article-title":"Prediction of body composition of dairy cows at three physiological stages from deuterlum oxide and urea dilutlon","volume":"78","author":"Andrew","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.04.043","article-title":"Effects of dietary energy source on energy balance, metabolites and reproduction variables in dairy cows in early lactation","volume":"68","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4771","article-title":"Protein and fat mobilization and associations with serum \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in dairy cows","volume":"95","author":"Houweling","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1190293","article-title":"Biological activity and the 3-methylhistidine content of actine and myosin","volume":"119","author":"Johnson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45182-X","article-title":"Metabolism of administered 3-methylhistidine: Lack of muscle transfer ribonucleic acid charging and quantitative excretion as 3-methylhistidine and its \u00f1-acetyl derivative","volume":"247","author":"Young","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77212-X","article-title":"Principal descriptors of body condition score in Holstein cows","volume":"77","author":"Ferguson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.077370","article-title":"Defining postpartum uterine disease and the mechanisms of infection and immunity in the female reproductive tract in cattle","volume":"81","author":"Sheldon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","article-title":"Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software \u2018EZR\u2019 for medical statistics","volume":"48","author":"Kanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.12.011","article-title":"Characterization of cytokine gene expression in uterine cytobrush samples of non-endometritic versus endometritic postpartum dairy cows","volume":"126","author":"Dadarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6269","article-title":"The relationship between endometrial cytology during estrous cycle and cutoff points for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in grazing dairy cows","volume":"96","author":"Madoz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.12.005","article-title":"A comparison of diagnostic techniques for postpartum endometritis in dairy cattle","volume":"69","author":"Barlund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6848","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9120","article-title":"Determination of optimal diagnostic criteria for purulent vaginal discharge and cytological endometritis in dairy cows","volume":"98","author":"Dubuc","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6423","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6801","article-title":"Effects of body condition score at calving on indicators of fat and protein mobilization of periparturient Holstein-Friesian cows","volume":"96","author":"Pires","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E493","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00186.2004","article-title":"Activation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is involved in skeletal muscle wasting in a rat model with biliary cirrhosis: Potential role of TNF-\u03b1","volume":"288","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.01.009","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) inactivates the PI3-kinase\/PKB pathway and induces atrophy and apoptosis in L6 myotubes","volume":"54","author":"Sishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8014","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue mass in nonlactating dairy cows fed diets differing in energy density","volume":"97","author":"Drackley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72064-1","article-title":"Invited review: Methods to determine body fat reserves in the dairy cow with special regard to ultrasonographic measurement of backfat thickness","volume":"89","author":"Staufenbiel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"149","article-title":"The concentration of free amino acids in blood serum of dairy cows with primary ketosis","volume":"21","author":"Marczuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2014.962116","article-title":"Plasma metabolic profiling of dairy cows affected with clinical ketosis using LC\/MS technology","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0","article-title":"Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301158","article-title":"Leptin metabolically licenses T cells for activation to link nutrition and immunity","volume":"192","author":"Saucillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7408","article-title":"Effect of induced subclinical hypocalcemia on physiological responses and neutrophil function in dairy cows","volume":"97","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2015-015","article-title":"The effect of metritis and subclinical hypocalcemia on uterine involution in dairy cows evaluated by sonomicrometry","volume":"61","author":"Heppelmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/23\/3401\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:32:57Z","timestamp":1760146377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/23\/3401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12233401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12233401","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]}}}