{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:35:42Z","timestamp":1793226942030,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colic, a condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract of horses, manifests as severe pain and may be a life-threatening condition. It is possible to distinguish between an acute, disposable process, as well as recurrent colic symptoms (abdominal pain) caused by an ongoing chronic inflammatory process. This paper presents a retrospective analysis of the histopathological findings of duodenal and rectal samples taken from horses with recurrent colic, with the aim to determine the frequency and extent of inflammation. The samples, i.e., duodenal biopsy (60 samples) and rectal biopsy (17 samples), were taken from 77 horses showing recurrent colic symptoms. Histopathological examination included staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The examination included evaluation of the superficial epithelium, mucosal lamina propria, and submucosa. All samples from the duodenum and rectum showed the presence of leukocyte infiltration in the mucosal lamina propria. The most frequently observed cellular infiltration was a moderate infiltration consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells in duodenum and mixed populations of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophilia in the rectum. Mott cells were also noted among the inflammatory infiltrates. More than one-fourth of the horses were found to have shortened intestinal villi. The results presented here showed the involvement of inflammation in the course of recurrent colic, which can be both its cause (by impairing motility and absorption) and its effect (as a result of obstruction or ischemia).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T02:54:21Z","timestamp":1670986461000},"page":"3527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Retrospective Evaluation of the Most Frequently Observed Histological Changes in Duodenal and Rectal Mucosal Biopsies in Horses with Recurrent Colic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Siwi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3532-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"\u017bak-Bochenek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Paszkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetlab Polish Veterinary Laboratories, 52-017 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8811-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Karczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"D\u0142ugopolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Tierpathologie, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12276","article-title":"Management and horse-level risk factors for recurrent colic in the UK general equine practice population","volume":"47","author":"Scantlebury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103824","article-title":"Retrospective Analysis of Cause-of-Death at an Equine Retirement Center in the Netherlands Over an Eight-Year Period","volume":"110","author":"Frietman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104833","article-title":"Factors associated with euthanasia in horses and ponies enrolled in a laminitis cohort study in Great Britain","volume":"174","author":"Pollard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164054529409","article-title":"Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 1: Shor term survival following a single laparotomy","volume":"37","author":"Mair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00383.x","article-title":"Recurrent colic in the horse: Incidence and risk factors for recurrence in the general practice population","volume":"39","author":"Scantlebury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.01.53","article-title":"Dietary and other management factors associated with colic in horses","volume":"215","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.252.10.1279","article-title":"Clinical and intestinal histologic features of horses treated for recurrent colic: 66 cases (2006\u20132015)","volume":"10","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2000.tb01164.x","article-title":"Chronic Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases of the Horse","volume":"14","author":"Schumacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i9.1057","article-title":"Even low-grade inflammation impacts on small intestinal function","volume":"16","author":"Peuhkuri","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274350","article-title":"Hypoxia-sensitive pathways in intestinal inflammation","volume":"596","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boshuizen, B., Ploeg, M., Dewulf, J., Klooster, S., Bruijn, M., Picavet, M.T., Palmers, K., Plancke, L., Cock, H., and Theelen, M. (2018). Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in horses: A retrospective study exploring the value of different diagnostic approaches. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1343-1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03091.x","article-title":"Rectal biopsy diagnosis in horses with clinical signs of intestinal disorders: A retrospective study of 116 cases","volume":"28","author":"Lindberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.h3509","article-title":"Intestinal biopsies for investigating and managing inflammatory bowel disease in horses","volume":"37","author":"Kerbyson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"4557","article-title":"A guide to histomorphological evaluation of intestinal inflammation in mouse models","volume":"15","author":"Erben","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022, January 01). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (Version 4.1) [Computer software]. R Packages Retrieved from MRAN Snapshot 2022-01-01. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.2466\/11.IT.3.1","article-title":"The simple difference formula: An approach to teaching nonparametric correlation","volume":"3","author":"Kerby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Brazil, T. (2008). Gastroscopy and duodenoscopy. The Equine Hospital Manual, Blackwell Publishing."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1990.tb00875.x","article-title":"Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis in 24 dogs","volume":"4","author":"Jacobs","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1989.tb03082.x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal lymphoma in 20 dogs. A retrospective study","volume":"3","author":"Couto","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.12.1514","article-title":"Histopathological evaluation of colonic mucosal biopsy specimens in chronic inflammatory bowel disease: Diagnostic implications","volume":"32","author":"Seldenrijk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13537","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases in horses: What do we know?","volume":"34","author":"Vitale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2009.04.008","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in horses","volume":"25","author":"Kalck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.7.874","article-title":"Mucosal distribution of eosinophilic granulocytes within the gastrointestinal tract of horses","volume":"69","author":"Freeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.10.1527","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in horses: 11 cases (1988\u20131998)","volume":"214","author":"Scott","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2017.11.011","article-title":"Diagnostics and treatments in chronic diarrhea and weight loss in horses","volume":"34","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-56-35","article-title":"Diagnostic evaluation and short-term outcome as indicators of long-term prognosis in horses with findings suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease treated with corticosteroids and anthelmintics","volume":"56","author":"Kaikkonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Act. Vet. Scan"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797264","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/797264","article-title":"Russell body gastroenteritis: An aberrant manifestation of chronic inflammation in gastrointestinal mucosa","volume":"2013","author":"Bhaijee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2000.tb05346.x","article-title":"Equine lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis: A retrospective study of 14 cases","volume":"32","author":"Kemper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i28.3635","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Speca","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"147","article-title":"Inflammatory joint disease: Clinical, histological, and molecular parameters of acute and chronic inflammation and tissue destruction","volume":"225","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.031260","article-title":"An approach to duodenal biopsies","volume":"59","author":"Serra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12709","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12709","article-title":"Cytokine and Goblet Cell gene expression in equine cyathostomin infection and larvicidal anthelmintic therapy","volume":"42","author":"Steuer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.090456","article-title":"Wound healing and fibrosis in intestinal disease","volume":"56","author":"Rieder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00378.x","article-title":"Influence of mechanical manipulations on the local inflammatory reaction in the equine colon","volume":"39","author":"Hopster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2008.01.001","article-title":"World Small Animal Veterinary Association Gastrointestinal Standardization Group. Histopathological standards for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal inflammation in endoscopic biopsy samples from the dog and cat: A report from the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Gastrointestinal Standardization Group","volume":"138","author":"Day","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/24\/3527\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:48Z","timestamp":1760146848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/24\/3527"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12243527"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12243527","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]}}}