{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:30:57Z","timestamp":1788492657017,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)"},{"name":"Le Consortium de Recherche et Innovations en Bioproc\u00e9d\u00e9s Industriels au Qu\u00e9bec (CRIBIQ)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Embryos from prepubertal water buffalo can be produced using laparoscopic ovum pickup (LOPU) and in vitro embryo production (IVEP). However, to date, it is unclear what factors and environmental conditions can affect LOPU-IVEP efficiency in prepubertal animals, especially buffalo. In this study, we explored the impact of season, age and individual variation among female donor animals, as well as the effect of the sire used for in vitro fertilization. Donor animals between 2 and 6 months of age were stimulated using gonadotropins prior to LOPU, which was performed at two-week intervals. Following in vitro maturation and fertilization, the resulting embryos were then cultured to the blastocyst stage until they were either vitrified or transferred into recipient animals. The number of follicles available for aspiration and embryo development rates was stable throughout the year. As animals became older, there was a slight trend for fewer COCs recovered from LOPU and better embryo development. There was a large individual variation in both ovarian response and the developmental competence of oocytes among donors. The bull used for fertilization also had a significant impact on embryo development. Upon embryo transfer, pregnancy rates were not affected by the number of embryos transferred per recipient. The best pregnancy rates were achieved when transferring blastocysts, compared to compact morula or hatched blastocysts. Finally, vitrification had no effect on pregnancy rate compared to fresh embryos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T02:16:41Z","timestamp":1671157001000},"page":"3549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Factors Affecting the Efficiency of In Vitro Embryo Production in Prepubertal Mediterranean Water Buffalo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Luke","family":"Currin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7781-303X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hernan","family":"Baldassarre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7878-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Priotto","family":"de Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6467-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Werner Giehl","family":"Glanzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9112-1542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Lazaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Guay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena Carrillo","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4356-8910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zigomar","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction\u2014BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Water Buffalo Company, Stirling, ON K0K 3E0, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Joron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Water Buffalo Company, Stirling, ON K0K 3E0, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Herron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Water Buffalo Company, Stirling, ON K0K 3E0, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7076-7707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vilceu","family":"Bordignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3390\/dairy2030038","article-title":"Compositional Characteristics of Mediterranean Buffalo Milk and Whey","volume":"2","author":"Garau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dairy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2014-0029","article-title":"Buffalo meat quality, composition, and processing characteristics: Contribution to the global economy and nutritional security","volume":"4","author":"Naveena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. 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