{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:21:45Z","timestamp":1776925305251,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anaplasma infection has not previously been reported as a cause of photosensitization. This case presents a five-year-old Holstein cow in her fifth month of gestation with skin injury of nonpigmented areas clearly delimited from adjacent unaffected pigmented skin. Specific lesions included alopecia, localized oedema, desquamation erythema, serous exudation, thick detached skin, fissures, crusting, and necrosis, indicating photodermatitis. Hematological abnormalities were leukocytosis with neutrophilia and normocytic hypochromic anemia. Based on a hemoparasitic examination of blood smears, the organism Anaplasma spp. was observed within the red blood cells. Biochemical analyses revealed increased serum liver enzyme activity associated with hepatocellular damage and cholestasis. This cow was RT-PCR positive for Anaplasma spp. infection. After treatment with oxytetracycline started, its condition improved within 24 h, and it recovered completely within 30 days. In this case, the underlying pathogenic mechanism of Anaplasma spp. infection facilitated the impairment of bile flow and liver function, resulting in hepatogenous photosensitization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T07:27:30Z","timestamp":1671434850000},"page":"3568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Case Study of Photosensitivity Associated with Anaplasma spp. Infection in Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1588-8992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Anton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3067-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheorghe","family":"Solcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d Iasi University of Life Sciences, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H., and Gr\u00fcnberg, W. (2017). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats, Elsevier. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buergelt, C.D., Edward, G.C., and Del Piero, F. (2017). Bovine Pathology A Text and Color Atlas, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781780646718.0000"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(84)90011-3","article-title":"A comparative study of metabolic profiles obtained in dairy herds in Romania","volume":"140","author":"Ghergariu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.12.013","article-title":"The risk of exposure to rickettsial infections and human granulocytic anaplasmosis associated with Ixodes ricinus tick bites in human in Romania: A multiannual study","volume":"8","author":"Matei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101604","article-title":"Molecular detection and phylogeny of Anaplasma spp. in cattle reveals the presence of novel strains closely related to A. phagocytophilum in Turkey","volume":"12","author":"Aktas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.101334","article-title":"Real-time PCR assay with an endogenous internal amplification control for detection and quantification of Anaplasma marginale in bovine blood","volume":"11","author":"Kovalchuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101864","article-title":"Fatal cases of bovine anaplasmosis in a herd infected with different Anaplasma marginale genotypes in southern Spain","volume":"13","author":"Ortiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2009.00208.x","article-title":"Comparison of bovine hematology reference intervals from 1957\u20132006","volume":"39","author":"George","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W., and Bruss, M.L. (2008). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, Academic Press. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"183","article-title":"Occurrence and transplacental transmission of Anaplasma marginale in dairy cattle","volume":"55","author":"Nazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Slov. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.305","article-title":"Bovine piroplasmosis-anaplasmosis and clinical signs of tropical theileriosis in the plains of Djurdjura (north Algeria)","volume":"6","author":"Ziam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4698-2","article-title":"Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum: Rickettsiales pathogens of veterinary and public health significance","volume":"114","author":"Atif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Peek, S.F., and Divers, T.J. (2018). Skin Diseases. Rebhuns Diseases of Dairy Cattle, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Peek, S.F., and Divers, T.J. (2018). Diseases of the Teats and Udder. Rebhuns Diseases of Dairy Cattle, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieman, C.C., Schaefer, D.M., Maroney, M., Nelson, K., and Albrecht, K.A. (2020). Hepatogenous photosensitivity outbreak after coccidiosis in grazing Holstein steers. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7040186"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30978-6","article-title":"Photosensitization problems in livestock","volume":"5","author":"Rowe","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.12.005","article-title":"Hepatogenous photosensitization associated with liver copper accumulation in buffalos","volume":"88","author":"Minervino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"McGavin, M.M., and Zachary, J.F. (2007). The integument. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, Mosby\/Elsevier. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2021.01.013","article-title":"Hepatogenous photosensitization in ruminants and horses caused by the ingestion of Chamaecrista serpens in Brazil","volume":"193","author":"Pimentel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"171","article-title":"Hematopoietic system: Anthrax","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Maxie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Smith, B.P., Metre, D.C.V., and Pusterla, N. (2020). Bovine Anaplasmosis. Large Animal Internal Medicine, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2021-0036","article-title":"Disorders in blood circulation as a probable cause of death in dogs infected with Babesia canis","volume":"65","author":"Zygner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.4.698-712.2003","article-title":"Antigens and alternatives for control of Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle","volume":"16","author":"Kocan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"4373","article-title":"Clinical and haematobiochemical changes in cattle with Anaplasma marginale infection","volume":"7","author":"Subramanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Stud."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(13)60010-3","article-title":"Prevalence and haemato-biochemical profile of Anaplasma marginale infection in dairy animals of Punjab (India)","volume":"6","author":"Ashuma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"5","article-title":"Gross and histopathological findings of naturally occurring Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle","volume":"1","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Smith Tomas, H. (2009). The Cattle Health. Handbook Preventive care, Disease Treatments and Emergency Procedures for Promoting the Well-Being of Your Beef or Dairy Herd, Storey Publishing."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Smith, B.P., Metre, D.C.V., and Pusterla, N. (2020). Environmental diseases. Large Animal Internal Medicine, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"258","article-title":"Liver and Biliary System","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Maxie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubel, W., Schoneberg, C., Wolf, A., Ganter, M., and Bauer, B.U. (2021). Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasma spp. in German Small Ruminant Flocks. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102793"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1686-z","article-title":"Countrywide serological evaluation of canine prevalence for Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), Dirofilaria immitis and Ehrlichia canis in Mexico","volume":"9","author":"Movilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Fu, M., Yu, Z., Wang, J., Song, J., and Zhao, G. (2022). Molecular Characterization of Anaplasma spp. among Dairy, Cashmere, and Meat Goats in Shaanxi Province, Northwestern China. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121566"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, Z., Shehla, S., Alouffi, A., Kashif Obaid, M., Zeb Khan, A., Almutairi, M.M., Numan, M., Aiman, O., Alam, S., and Ullah, S. (2022). Molecular Survey and Genetic Characterization of Anaplasma marginale in Ticks Collected from Livestock Hosts in Pakistan. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12131708"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Smith, B.P., Metre, D.C.V., and Pusterla, N. (2020). Molecular diagnostics. Large Animal Internal Medicine, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105575","article-title":"Naturally occurring Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle: Molecular prevalence and associated risk factors, haemato-biochemical alterations, oxidant\/antioxidant status and serum trace mineral levels","volume":"167","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.17221\/1861-VETMED","article-title":"Bacteria of the genus Anaplasma characteristics of Anaplasma and their vectors: A review","volume":"53","author":"Rymaszewska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.01.003","article-title":"Anaplasma spp. in North Africa: A review on molecular epidemiology, associated risk factors and genetic characteristics","volume":"9","author":"Belkahia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Weiss, D.J., and Wardrop, K.J. (2010). Anemia caused by rickettsia, mycoplasma, and protozoa. Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Hematology, Wiley-Blackwell. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0636","article-title":"Molecular survey of tick-borne pathogens infecting backyard cattle and water buffaloes in Quezon province, Philippines","volume":"82","author":"Galon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/24\/3568\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:03Z","timestamp":1760146983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/24\/3568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12243568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12243568","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]}}}