{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T18:20:08Z","timestamp":1774808408392,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union under ERC Starting","award":["101042961-CULT_ORIGINS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101042961-CULT_ORIGINS"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Gesellschaft","award":["101042961-CULT_ORIGINS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101042961-CULT_ORIGINS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Negative early experiences can have detrimental effects on social functioning in later life, both in humans as well as in other socially-living animals. In zoo-housed chimpanzees, recent evidence suggests that there may be a lingering signature of early trauma on individuals\u2019 social interaction tendencies as measured by social proximity and grooming. Here, we address whether a similar effect would be observable in chimpanzees living under semi-wild conditions in an African sanctuary. By analysing party size, close proximity and social grooming, we show that in this specific sanctuary, chimpanzees that suffered early trauma (n = 42) were socially indistinguishable from chimpanzees who were born and raised by their mothers in the sanctuary (n = 36). Our findings indicate that chimpanzees may not be irreversibly affected by early social trauma, possibly owing to rehabilitation in stable social groups in a semi-natural environment. Beyond identifying sanctuaries as valuable rehabilitation centres for orphaned chimpanzees, this study demonstrates a remarkable social flexibility in one of our closest living relatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13010049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T03:02:15Z","timestamp":1671764535000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Early Trauma Leaves No Social Signature in Sanctuary-Housed Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Edwin J. C.","family":"van Leeuwen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernadette M. C.","family":"Bruinstroop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel B. M.","family":"Haun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2009-2","article-title":"Effects of Early Life Stress on Cognitive and Affective Function: An Integrated Review of Human Literature","volume":"214","author":"Pechtel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01220.x","article-title":"Analysis of Environmental Deprivation: Cognitive and Social Development in Romanian Orphans","volume":"35","author":"Kaler","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. 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