{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T11:34:44Z","timestamp":1782560084494,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"owners of the commercial cattle business"},{"name":"The University of Queensland\u2019s School of Veterinary Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fifteen hundred 12\u201315-month-old tropically adapted heifers inadvertently grazed a paddock which had a refuse dump in it containing burnt out vehicle batteries. The cattle grazed this paddock for approximately seven days. Subsequently these cattle were managed as two cohorts (cull and potential replacement breeding animals). Deaths commenced in the cull heifer group approximately 18 days after initial exposure to the refuse dump during relocation to a feedlot. Mortalities continued for 12 days, with other heifers showing clinical signs of marked central nervous system dysfunction requiring euthanasia. Necropsy of several clinically affected cattle plus blood sampling for lead analysis confirmed a diagnosis of lead intoxication. The crude mortality rate in the cull heifers was 6.6% (n = 685). Following confirmation of the diagnosis most of the potential replacement heifers (second cohort) were also relocated to the feedlot. The estimated crude mortality rate in this cohort was 5.8% (n = 815). All possible lead intoxication deaths occurred within 34 days of initial exposure, and apparently after day 16 at the feedlot no further heifers showed any clinical signs which could be attributed to lead intoxication. Longitudinal monitoring of blood lead concentrations was used to identify cattle suitable for slaughter. Overall, 70% of heifers initially blood sampled (n = 1408) had no detectable lead in their blood, however 16% had markedly elevated blood lead concentrations (&gt; 0.7\u00b5mol\/L) which persisted, and 2% had above the maximum normal threshold 1.5 years later. These latter cattle were subsequently euthanized, and necropsy revealed that visible pieces of lead were still present in the reticulum of several animals. At no time did any of these heifers with persistently high blood lead concentrations show clinical signs of lead intoxication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13010174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T04:56:27Z","timestamp":1672635387000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigation and Management of an Outbreak of Lead Intoxication in an Extensively Managed Beef Herd"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Meghan M.","family":"Scrivens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, UQ Vets Dayboro, Dayboro, QLD 4521, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Frith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apiam Feedlot Services, 81 Pryor St, Quirindi, NSW 2343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4977-3410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Lawes, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Burren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Doust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, UQ Vets Dayboro, Dayboro, QLD 4521, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0783-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"McGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Lawes, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711425935","article-title":"Declines in blood lead concentrations in clinically affected and unaffected cattle accidently exposed to lead","volume":"24","author":"Bischoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00577.x","article-title":"Reduced risk of acute poisoning in Australian cattle from used motor oils after introduction of lead-free petrol","volume":"88","author":"Burren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3109\/15563657308990537","article-title":"Epidemiology of lead poisoning in cattle: A five-year study in Iowa","volume":"6","author":"Osweiler","year":"1973","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870201400606","article-title":"Managing lead exposure and toxicity in cow-calf herds to minimize the potential for food residues","volume":"14","author":"Waldner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300501","article-title":"A retrospective study on the disappearance of blood lead in cattle with accidental lead toxicosis","volume":"13","author":"Rumbeiha","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2016.1230277","article-title":"Comparison of blood and tissue lead concentrations from cattle with known lead exposure","volume":"33","author":"Bischoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"421","article-title":"Acute lead poisoning in western Canadian cattle\u2014A 16-year retrospective study of diagnostic case records","volume":"57","author":"Cowan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Parkinson, T.J., Vermunt, J.J., and Malmo, J. (2010). Diseases of Cattle in Australasia: A Comprehensive Textbook, The New Zealand Veterinary Association Foundation for Continuing Education (Vetlearn)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.b5672","article-title":"Lead poisoning in cattle and sheep","volume":"32","author":"Payne","year":"2010","journal-title":"In Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Osweiler, G.D., Carson, T.L., Buck, W.B., and van Gelder, G.A. (1985). Clinical and Diagnostic Veterinary Toxicology, Kendall\/Hunt Publishing Company. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(92)90348-V","article-title":"Lead poisoning in cattle\u2014Transfer of lead to milk","volume":"111","author":"Oskarsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/1\/174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:56:18Z","timestamp":1760118978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/1\/174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13010174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13010174","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]}}}