{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:07:52Z","timestamp":1790640472861,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective degradation (ED) of crude protein (CP) was estimated in vitro at 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 h\u22121 assumed ruminal passage rates for a total of 40 feedstuffs, for which in situ ED was available and used as reference degradation values. For this, the Streptomyces\u00a0griseus protease test was used. The differences between in vitro CP degradation and the in situ CP degradation values were lowest in legume grains and highest in cereal by-products and barley. The differences between in situ and in vitro ED were expressed using a degradation quotient (degQ), where degQ = (EDin vitro \u2212 EDin situ)\/EDin situ. Among the tested feedstuffs, eight specific clusters were identified according to degQ for the assumed passage rates. The feedstuffs clustered in an unspecific way, i.e., feedstuffs of different nutrient composition, origin or treatment did not necessarily group together. Formaldehyde\u2013treated rapeseed meal, soybean meal, wheat, a treated lupin, sunflower meal and barley could not be assigned to any of the clusters. Groupwise degradation (range of degQ for assumed passage rates are given in brackets) was detected in grass silages (\u22120.17, \u22120.11), cereal by-products together with sugar beet pulp (\u22120.47, \u22120.35) and partly in legume grains (\u22120.14, 0.14). The clustering probably based on different specific nutrient composition and matrix effects that influence the solubility of feed protein and limit the performance of the protease. The matrix can be affected by treatment (chemically, thermally or mechanically), changing the chemical and physical structure of the protein within the plant. The S. griseus protease test had reliable sensitivity to reflect differences between native feedstuffs and treatments (thermally or chemically) that were found in situ. The in situ results, however, are mostly underestimated. The clustering results do not allow a clear conclusion on the groupwise or feed-specific use of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes as pre- or co-inoculants as part of the S. griseus protease test and need to be tested for its potential to make this test more conform with in situ data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T03:25:58Z","timestamp":1673234758000},"page":"224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Feed Clusters According to In Situ and In Vitro Ruminal Crude Protein Degradation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Okon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1264-997X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-0918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Wensch-Dorendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natascha","family":"Titze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3156-7889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Rodehutscord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3344-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Rupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Susenbeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg Michael","family":"Greef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius K\u00fchn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Crop and Soil Science, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5901-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"Zeyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(85)80900-0","article-title":"Evaluation of Laboratory Techniques for Predicting Ruminal Protein Degradation","volume":"68","author":"Klopfenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. 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