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A total of 408 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were assigned into two groups without or with liquid OAs in the starter phase. In the grower phase, each group in the starter phase was divided into a normal stocking density and an HSD. The OA dose was 0.16% at the starter and grower phases. The results showed that at the starter phase, OAs decreased the chyme pH in gizzard and duodenum and increased the activities of chymotrypsin and \u03b1-amylase in the duodenal chyme (p &lt; 0.05). In the grower phase, an HSD decreased the growth performance and the ether extract digestibility (p &lt; 0.01). The supplementation of OAs decreased the chyme pH in the gizzard, proventriculus, and duodenum and increased the lipase and \u03b1-amylase activities (p &lt; 0.05). The supplemental OAs increased the dry matter and total phosphorous digestibility and the contents of acetic acids, butyric acids, isovaleric acids, and valeric acids (p &lt; 0.05). For cecal microbial compositions at the genus level, an HSD decreased the relative abundance of Blautia, Norank_f__norank_o__RF39, and Alistipes, while supplemental OAs increased the relative abundance of Norank_f__norank_o__RF39 (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, although there were no interaction effects between OAs and stocking densities in the present study, it was clear that the supplementation of OAs has beneficial effects on the chyme pH, enzymes activities, and nutrient digestibility in broilers, while an HSD existed adverse effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiota balance in grower broilers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T02:28:44Z","timestamp":1673490524000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluation of Liquid Organic Acids on the Performance, Chyme pH, Nutrient Utilization, and Gut Microbiota in Broilers under High Stocking Density"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4806-8368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ci","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2019.01.013","article-title":"Impact of different group sizes on plumage cleanliness and leg disorders in broilers","volume":"221","author":"Kiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Livest. 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