{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:53:27Z","timestamp":1792803207578,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Agence Nationale de la Recherche and the R\u00e9gion Pays de la Loire","award":["2020 07132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 07132"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rbzpz17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) is a causative agent of numerous chronic diseases, including caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheep and goats, which has a zoonotic potential in humans in addition to a poor therapeutic response. In this study, out of 120 collected samples, only 12 (10%) were positive for C. pseudotuberculosis by PCR and by intraperitoneal injection of male Guinea pigs and then characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and its genetic-relatedness by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), which showed 2\u20134 bands ranging from 100 to 3000 bp that can be clustered into four clusters (C1\u2013C4). Despite the serotype biovar 1 only infecting sheep and goats, ERIC\u2013PCR reveals intra-subtyping variation. Examination of affected LNs and organs revealed marked enlargement with either thick creamy green pus or multiple abscesses of variable sizes with a central caseated core surrounded by dense fibrous capsule. A histopathological examination revealed a central necrotic core surrounded by a peripheral mantle of mononuclear cells and a fibrous capsule. Positive immune expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB\/p65) and interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and negative expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in CLA is the first report to our knowledge. Conclusion: In CLA pyogranulomas, IL1\u03b2 is a more crucial proinflammatory cytokine than TNF in the regulation of C. pseudotuberculosis infection, which is accompanied by marked NF-\u03baB immunoexpression. Therefore, the NF-\u03baB\/p65 signaling pathway is involved in the activation of IL1\u03b2, and additional immunohistochemical studies are required to determine the various roles of NF-\u03baB\/p65 in the inflammatory response within CLA pyogranulomas to control this pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T03:40:34Z","timestamp":1673840434000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: Association with Proinflammatory Cytokines in Caseous Lymphadenitis Pyogranulomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Helmy A.","family":"Torky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees, Alexandria 21523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9555-7300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hebatallah M.","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh 51744, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samy A.","family":"Khaliel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees, Alexandria 21523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa T.","family":"Kassih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees, Alexandria 21523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9040-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Sabatier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS UMR 7051, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences M\u00e9dicales et Param\u00e9dicales, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaber El-Saber","family":"Batiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helal F.","family":"Hetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman M.","family":"Elghazaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh 51744, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2782-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"De Waard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smartox Biotechnology, 6 Rue des Platanes, F-38120 Saint-Egr\u00e8ve, France"},{"name":"L\u2019institut Du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, F-44007 Nantes, France"},{"name":"LabEx \u00abIon Channels, Science & Therapeutics\u00bb, Universit\u00e9 de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, F-06560 Valbonne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30033-5","article-title":"Caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants","volume":"17","author":"Williamson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000234071.93044.77","article-title":"Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis necrotizing lymphadenitis in a twelve-year-old patient","volume":"25","author":"Ouache","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2007013","article-title":"Molecular genotyping of multinational ovine and caprine Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis","volume":"38","author":"Connor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"15326","article-title":"Comparison of protection against caseous lymphadenitis in sheep induced by local isolated strain of corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by toxoid pld & toxoid pld With Bacterin Vaccine","volume":"7","author":"Sohier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"5","article-title":"Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: Immunological responses in animal models and zoonotic potential","volume":"4","author":"Bastos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2007.07.002","article-title":"Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and its role in ovine caseous lymphadenitis","volume":"137","author":"Baird","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(91)90120-5","article-title":"Histopathology of the early phase during experimental Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in lambs","volume":"29","author":"Fontaine","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005056","article-title":"Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: Microbiology, biochemical properties, pathogenesis and molecular studies of virulence","volume":"37","author":"Dorella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3844\/ajavsp.2015.112.132","article-title":"Clinio-pathological changes in goats challenged with Corynebacterium Peudotuberculosis and its exotoxin (PLD)","volume":"10","author":"Mahmood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2007.12.025","article-title":"Caseous lymphadenitis","volume":"76","author":"Fontaine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1586","article-title":"Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) fingerprinting reveals intra-serotype variations among circulating Listeria monocytogenes strains","volume":"5","author":"Mattar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2627","article-title":"Molecular typing of Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis serovars from diverse origin by ERIC-PCR","volume":"9","author":"Anjay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.5.2172-2178.2002","article-title":"Assessment of the genetic diversity among arcobacters isolated from poultry products by using two PCR-based typing methods","volume":"68","author":"Houf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.3.1.147","article-title":"Two serotypes of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from different animal species","volume":"3","author":"Barakat","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Et Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.06.002","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates using ERIC-PCR","volume":"153","author":"Dorneles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050735","article-title":"Nuclear factor k B: A pivotal role in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and new target for therapy","volume":"24","author":"Christman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Thomali, A.W., Al-kuraishy, H.M., Al-Gareeb, A.I., Al-buhadiliy, A.K., De Waard, M., Sabatier, J.-M., Khan Khalil, A.A., Saad, H.M., and Batiha, G.E.-S. (2022). Role of Neuropilin 1 in COVID-19 Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10082032"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22979-3","article-title":"The ubiquitylation of IL-1\u03b2 limits its cleavage by caspase-1 and targets it for proteasomal degradation","volume":"12","author":"Vijayaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babalghith, A.O., Al-kuraishy, H.M., Al-Gareeb, A.I., De Waard, M., Sabatier, J.-M., Saad, H.M., and Batiha, G.E.-S. (2022). The Potential Role of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in COVID-19: A Corollary Subjective Effect or Not?. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12092051"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.06.013","article-title":"Evaluation of the humoral and cellular immune response to different antigens of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in Canind\u00e9 goats and their potential protection against caseous lymphadenitis","volume":"126","author":"Bahia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.29.1.123-131.1980","article-title":"Stepwise degradation of membrane sphingomyelin by corynebacterial phospholipases","volume":"29","author":"Bernheimer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ahmed, D. Association between Fatty Acids Profile of Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosiswith Pathogenicity in Mice. University of Khartoum (Master thesis), 2015."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46997-0","article-title":"Multiplex PCR assay for identification of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from pure cultures and for rapid detection of this pathogen in clinical samples","volume":"56","author":"Pacheco","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2017). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Approved (Standard No. M100Ed32). Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/standards\/products\/microbiology\/documents\/m100\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"321","article-title":"Detection of class 1 and 2 integrons, \u03b2-lactamase genes and molecular characterization of sulfonamide resistance in Escherichia coli isolates recovered from poultry in China","volume":"33","author":"Kashif","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.24.6823","article-title":"Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to finerpriting of bacterial enomes","volume":"19","author":"Versalovic","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1989.tb00262.x","article-title":"Rapid extraction of bacterial genomic DNA with guanidium thiocyanate","volume":"8","author":"Pitcher","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Sambrook, J., and Russell, D.W. (2001). Molecular Cloning: Ch. 8. In Vitro Amplification of DNA by the Polymerase Chain Reaction, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Sambrook, H. (1989). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Yeh, F., Yang, R., and Boyle, T. (1999). PopGene: Microsoft Window-Based Freeware for Population Genetic Analysis, University of Alberta. Version 1.31."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Suvarna, K.S., Layton, C., and Bancroft, J.D. (2018). Bancroft\u2019s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques E-Book, Elsevier health sciences."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Dabbs, D.J. (2022). Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry E-Book: Theranostic and Genomic Applications, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2633-2637.2000","article-title":"Characterization of United Kingdom isolates of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis","volume":"38","author":"Connor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.4.954-957.1999","article-title":"Identification of nonlipophilic corynebacteria isolated from dairy cows with mastitis","volume":"37","author":"Hommez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0988","article-title":"Evaluation of current molecular approaches for genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Mastroeni, P., and Maskell, D. (2006). Salmonella Infections: Clinical, Immunological and Molecular Aspects, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s002849900095","article-title":"In vitro activities of fourteen antimicrobial agents against drug susceptible and resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and comparative intracellular activities against the virulent H37Rv strain in human macrophages","volume":"33","author":"Rastogi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00715-09","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae AcrAB efflux pump contributes to antimicrobial resistance and virulence","volume":"54","author":"Padilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-5573-2-10","article-title":"Choosing an appropriate bacterial typing technique for epidemiologic studies","volume":"2","author":"Foxman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Perspect. Innov."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00182.x","article-title":"Bacterial strain typing in the genomic era","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.08.002","article-title":"Parameter estimation and simulations of a mathematical model of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis transmission in sheep","volume":"83","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2010.07.011","article-title":"Abattoir survey on caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats in Tanta, Egypt","volume":"94","author":"Osman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.30954\/2277-940X.06.2018.26","article-title":"Pathology of Caseous Lymphadenitis in Slaughtered Goats Associated Infection with Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"134","article-title":"Histopathological and molecular studies on caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats in duhok city, Iraq","volume":"10","author":"Abdulrahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Explor. Anim. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"143","article-title":"Survival of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis within macrophages and induction of phagocytes death","volume":"13","author":"Stefanska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01639731","article-title":"Histomorphology of experimental listeriosis","volume":"16","author":"Heymer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12482","article-title":"Determination of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from lymph nodes of sheep and goats at an organic export abattoir, Modjo, Ethiopia","volume":"61","author":"Abebe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.56.5.666","article-title":"Cellular composition of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis pyogranulomas in sheep","volume":"56","author":"Pittet","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.51.2.188","article-title":"Ovine mononuclear phagocytes in situ: Identification by monoclonal antibodies and involvement in experimental pyogranulomas","volume":"51","author":"Pepin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.5958\/0973-970X.2016.00059.6","article-title":"Etio-pathological study of multiple hepatic abscesses in a goat","volume":"40","author":"Sonawane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104539","article-title":"Histopathological changes of reproductive organs of goats immunized with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis killed vaccine","volume":"149","author":"Umer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05766.x","article-title":"Lymphocyte subpopulations in pyogranulomas of caseous lymphadenitis","volume":"86","author":"Walker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.09.016","article-title":"Critical roles of NLRP3 inflammasome in IL-1\u03b2 secretion induced by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in vitro","volume":"116","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.11.011","article-title":"Mycolic acids: Structures, biosynthesis, and beyond","volume":"21","author":"Marrakchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3844\/ajavsp.2015.1.8","article-title":"Alterations in interleukin-1\u03b2 and interleukin-6 in mice inoculated through the oral routes using graded doses of P. multocida type B: 2 and its lipopolysaccharide","volume":"10","author":"Omar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"597","article-title":"Responses of inflammatory cytokines in non-pregnant boer does inoculated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis via various routes","volume":"4","author":"Othman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5455\/ijlr.20160613104909","article-title":"Cytokines (IL 1\u03b2 and IL 6) Responses in Non-Pregnant Does Infected with Corynebacteriumpseudotuberculosis Following Intradermal Route of Infection in Chronic State","volume":"6","author":"Jesse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Livest. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589503200112","article-title":"Local production of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in corynebacterial pulmonary lesions in sheep","volume":"32","author":"Ellis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-022-00694-5","article-title":"Chemokine production induced by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in a murine model","volume":"53","author":"Barral","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/2\/296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:06:13Z","timestamp":1760119573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/2\/296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13020296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13020296","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]}}}