{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:59:28Z","timestamp":1791917968346,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32200749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200749"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22ZR1435900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1435900"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BUA-HHXD2022007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BUA-HHXD2022007"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["QJKC2022029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QJKC2022029"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["32200749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200749"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["22ZR1435900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1435900"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["BUA-HHXD2022007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BUA-HHXD2022007"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["QJKC2022029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QJKC2022029"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Innovation \u201cSparking\u201d Support Program of Beijing University of Agriculture","award":["32200749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200749"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Innovation \u201cSparking\u201d Support Program of Beijing University of Agriculture","award":["22ZR1435900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1435900"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Innovation \u201cSparking\u201d Support Program of Beijing University of Agriculture","award":["BUA-HHXD2022007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BUA-HHXD2022007"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Innovation \u201cSparking\u201d Support Program of Beijing University of Agriculture","award":["QJKC2022029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QJKC2022029"]}]},{"name":"the Research and Innovation Ability Improvement Plan for Young Teachers","award":["32200749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200749"]}]},{"name":"the Research and Innovation Ability Improvement Plan for Young Teachers","award":["22ZR1435900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1435900"]}]},{"name":"the Research and Innovation Ability Improvement Plan for Young Teachers","award":["BUA-HHXD2022007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BUA-HHXD2022007"]}]},{"name":"the Research and Innovation Ability Improvement Plan for Young Teachers","award":["QJKC2022029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QJKC2022029"]}]},{"name":"the Startup Fund for Young Faculty at SJTU (SFYF at SJTU)","award":["32200749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200749"]}]},{"name":"the Startup Fund for Young Faculty at SJTU (SFYF at SJTU)","award":["22ZR1435900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1435900"]}]},{"name":"the Startup Fund for Young Faculty at SJTU (SFYF at SJTU)","award":["BUA-HHXD2022007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BUA-HHXD2022007"]}]},{"name":"the Startup Fund for Young Faculty at SJTU (SFYF at SJTU)","award":["QJKC2022029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QJKC2022029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Reptiles are asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella spp. Reptile-associated Salmonella infections have been noticed as a significant contributor to overall human salmonellosis. However, it remains unclear regarding the prevalence of reptile-associated Salmonella in China. Methods: Fecal and gastrointestinal mucosal samples were taken from 104 snakes, 21 lizards, and 52 chelonians and cultured on selective medium. The positive clones were validated and annotated by biochemical screening and multiplex PCR verification. In addition, the antibiotic resistance of identified Salmonella isolates was detected and followed by cytotoxic activity detection on human colon cells via co-culturation. Results: The overall prevalence of Salmonella in reptiles was 25.99%, with rates of 30.77%, 47.62%, and 7.69% in snakes, lizards, and chelonians, respectively. Further, all isolates showed variable drug-resistant activity to 18 antibiotics, of which 14 strains (30.43%) were resistant to more than eight kinds of antibiotics. More than half of isolated Salmonella strains were more toxic to host cells than the standard strain, SL1344. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) results showed that all lizard-associated strains belong to 4 serovar types, and 7 of them fall into the highly pathogenic serovars \u201cCarmel\u201d and \u201cPomona.\u201d Conclusions: Our results highlight the potential threat of zoonotic salmonellosis from captive reptiles in the Beijing area of China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T02:10:32Z","timestamp":1673921432000},"page":"315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Subspecies Isolated from Raised Reptiles in Beijing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8481-9309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dingka","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuebai","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Shuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4627-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengze","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.140999","article-title":"Global burden of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease 2010","volume":"21","author":"Ao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. 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