{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T15:04:10Z","timestamp":1781967850735,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]],"date-time":"2023-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","award":["3190504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3190504"]}]},{"name":"Austral University of Chile","award":["3190504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3190504"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The establishment of a state of immunotolerance in the female reproductive tract is important for embryo development, implantation and placentation. Llamas are induced ovulators and more than 98% of pregnancies occur in the left uterine horn. The objective of this study was to determine the uterine immune response of llamas in different stages of the reproductive cycle. Adult llamas (n = 20) were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography to determine follicular growth and then randomly assigned to four groups: Follicular phase (n = 5); Luteal phase induced by an intramuscular administration of 50 ug of GnRH analogue (n = 5); Luteal phase induced by intrauterine infusion of seminal plasma (n = 5); and Luteal phase induced by mating (n = 5). Uterine fluid was collected separately from both uterine horns by non-surgical flushing to determine the presence of cells, total proteins and concentration of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IFN \u03b3, TNF-\u03b1 and PGE2. Inflammatory cells were not observed in the uterine fluid and total protein pattern and inflammatory mediators did not differ between the left and the right horn amongst groups. Llamas treated with an intrauterine infusion of seminal plasma showed the highest concentration of total proteins, inflammatory cytokines PGE2, IL-8 and IL-1\u03b2 in the uterine fluid. In conclusion, seminal plasma is made up of significant numbers of signaling molecules that are able to modify the uterine immune response in llamas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13040554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T04:25:28Z","timestamp":1675657528000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ovulation Induced by Intrauterine Seminal Plasma Increases Total Protein, PGE2, IL-8, and IL-1\u03b2 in Uterine Fluid of Llamas (Lama glama)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alejandra Isabel","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Ulloa-Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Gajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniella","family":"Carretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8182-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Agust\u00edn","family":"Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Ratto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02387","article-title":"Uterine immunity and microbiota: A shifting paradigm","volume":"10","author":"Agostinis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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