{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T12:28:22Z","timestamp":1775478502987,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Council of Lithuania","award":["S-MIP-22-137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-MIP-22-137"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We hypothesized that cows with SCK (blood BHB over &gt;1.2 mmol\/L) diagnosed within the first 30 days of calving can be predicted by changes in rumination and activity behavioral parameters in the period before calving and indeed subsequently. A total of 45 cows were randomly selected from 60 dry cows from at least 40 days before calving. All the cows were fitted with RuniWatch sensors monitoring both intake behaviors (faceband) and general movement and activity behavior (pedometer) (RWS-ITIN + HOCH, Switzerland). Following an adaptation period of 10 days, rumination, eating, and activity parameters were monitored for 30 days before calving and 30 days after calving. Considering the design of the study, we divided the data of cows into three stages for statistical evaluation: (1) the last thirty days before calving (from day \u221230 to \u22121 of the study); (2) day of calving; and (3) the first thirty days after calving (from day 1 to 30 of the study). We found that before calving, those cows with a higher risk of having SCK diagnosed after calving had lower rumination time, eating time, drinking gulps, bolus, chews per min, chews per bolus, downtime, maximal temperature, and activity change. On the calving day, in cows with higher risk of SCK after calving, we found lower rumination time, eating time, chews per min, chews per bolus, uptime, downtime, minimal temperature, other chews, eating chews, drinking time, drinking gulps, activity, average temperature, maximal temperature, activity change, rumination chews, and eating chews. After calving in cows with SCK, we found lower rumination time, eating time 1, eating time 2, bolus, chews per bolus, uptime, downtime, minimal temperature, maximal temperature, rumination chews, and eating chews. Moreover, after calving we found higher drinking gulps, drinking time, activity, activity change, average temperature, other chews, and eating chews in cows with SCK. From a practical point of view, we recommend that by tracking changes in rumination and activity behavior parameters registered with RuniWatch sensors (such as rumination time, eating time, drinking time, drinking gulps, bolus, chews per minute, chews per bolus, downtime, maximal temperature, and activity change) before, during, and after calving, we can identify cows with a higher risk of SCK in the herd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13040595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T02:32:07Z","timestamp":1675909927000},"page":"595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Change in Rumination Behavior Parameters around Calving in Cows with Subclinical Ketosis Diagnosed during 30 Days after Calving"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-2224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u016bnas","family":"Antanaitis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vida","family":"Juozaitien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelai\u010dio 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"D\u017eermeikait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dovil\u0117","family":"Ba\u010d\u0117ninait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greta","family":"\u0160ertvytyt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardas","family":"Danyla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ar\u016bnas","family":"Rutkauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Til\u017e\u0117s 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Viora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7366-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029909990550","article-title":"Detection of Mastitis and Its Stage of Progression by Automatic Milking Systems Using Artificial Neural Networks","volume":"77","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6107","article-title":"Invited Review: Sensors to Support Health Management on Dairy Farms","volume":"96","author":"Rutten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.003","article-title":"Feeding- and Management-Related Diseases in the Transition Cow: Physiological Adaptations around Calving and Strategies to Reduce Feeding-Related Diseases","volume":"126","author":"Ingvartsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5443","article-title":"Epidemiology of Subclinical Ketosis in Early Lactation Dairy Cattle","volume":"95","author":"McArt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9917","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10548","article-title":"Short Communication: Rumination and Feeding Behaviors Differ between Healthy and Sick Dairy Cows during the Transition Period","volume":"99","author":"Schirmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4141\/CJAS09127","article-title":"Review: Feeding Behaviour of Dairy Cattle: Meaures and Applications","volume":"90","author":"Weary","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72075-6","article-title":"Stocking Density and Feed Barrier Design Affect the Feeding and Social Behavior of Dairy Cattle","volume":"89","author":"Huzzey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2242","article-title":"Prepartum Feeding Behavior Is an Early Indicator of Subclinical Ketosis","volume":"92","author":"Goldhawk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7709","article-title":"Rumination Time around Calving: An Early Signal to Detect Cows at Greater Risk of Disease","volume":"97","author":"Calamari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.02.021","article-title":"System Specification and Validation of a Noseband Pressure Sensor for Measurement of Ruminating and Eating Behavior in Stable-Fed Cows","volume":"136","author":"Zehner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5604","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10509","article-title":"Association of Rumination Time with Subclinical Ketosis in Transition Dairy Cows","volume":"99","author":"Kaufman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antanaitis, R., Juozaitien\u0117, V., Televi\u010dius, M., Mala\u0161auskien\u0117, D., Urbutis, M., and Baumgartner, W. (2020). Influence of Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Cows on Ingestive-Related Behaviours Registered with a Real-Time System. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122288"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2019.100077","article-title":"Can Rumination Time and Some Blood Biochemical Parameters Be Used as Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Subclinical Acidosis and Subclinical Ketosis?","volume":"8","author":"Antanaitis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7422","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11352","article-title":"Use of Rumination and Activity Monitoring for the Identification of Dairy Cows with Health Disorders: Part III. Metritis","volume":"99","author":"Stangaferro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2017.10.003","article-title":"Prediction of Calving Time in Dairy Cattle","volume":"187","author":"Fadul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.04.007","article-title":"Metabolic Predictors of Post-Partum Disease and Culling Risk in Dairy Cattle","volume":"188","author":"Seifi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6935","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8194","article-title":"Rumination Activity of Dairy Cows in the 24 Hours before and after Calving","volume":"97","author":"Pahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-5064","article-title":"Relationships between Rumination Time, Metabolic Conditions, and Health Status in Dairy Cows during the Transition Period1","volume":"90","author":"Soriani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6812","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8947","article-title":"Characterization of Peripartum Rumination and Activity of Cows Diagnosed with Metabolic and Uterine Diseases","volume":"98","author":"Liboreiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.2527\/1991.6983435x","article-title":"Effects of Feed Intake on Particle Distribution, Passage of Digesta, and Extent of Digestion in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle","volume":"69","author":"Okine","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9551","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12765","article-title":"Physically Adjusted Neutral Detergent Fiber System for Lactating Dairy Cow Rations. I: Deriving Equations That Identify Factors That Influence Effectiveness of Fiber","volume":"100","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)76936-8","article-title":"Variation in and Relationships Among Feeding, Chewing, and Drinking Variables for Lactating Dairy Cows","volume":"77","author":"Dado","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13706","article-title":"Invited Review: Current Perspectives on Eating and Rumination Activity in Dairy Cows","volume":"101","author":"Beauchemin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12281","article-title":"Cow-Level Associations of Lameness, Behavior, and Milk Yield of Cows Milked in Automated Systems","volume":"100","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117002932","article-title":"Rumination Time and Monitoring of Health Disorders during Early Lactation","volume":"12","author":"Paudyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandstetter, V., Neubauer, V., Humer, E., Kr\u00f6ger, I., and Zebeli, Q. (2019). Chewing and Drinking Activity during Transition Period and Lactation in Dairy Cows Fed Partial Mixed Rations. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121088"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antanaitis, R., Juozaitien\u0117, V., Televi\u010dius, M., Mala\u0161auskien\u0117, D., Urbutis, M., and Baumgartner, W. (2020). Relation of Subclinical Ketosis of Dairy Cows with Locomotion Behaviour and Ambient Temperature. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122311"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5494","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4436","article-title":"Assessment of Calving Progress and Reference Times for Obstetric Intervention during Dystocia in Holstein Dairy Cows","volume":"94","author":"Schuenemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-295","article-title":"Impacts of Dystocia on Health and Survival of Dairy Calves","volume":"90","author":"Lombard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-10987","article-title":"Parity Differences in the Behavior of Transition Dairy Cows","volume":"100","author":"Neave","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.03.003","article-title":"Parturition Progress and Behaviours in Dairy Cows with Calving Difficulty","volume":"139","author":"Barrier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.08.027","article-title":"Effects of Acute Stressors on Nociception, Adrenocortical Responses and Behavior of Dairy Cows","volume":"83","author":"Herskin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023340506782","article-title":"The Effect of Subclinical Hypocalcaemia Induced by Na2EDTA on the Feed Intake and Chewing Activity of Dairy Cows","volume":"27","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3","article-title":"Changes in Cow Activity, Milk Yield, and Milk Conductivity before Clinical Diagnosis of Ketosis, and Acidosis","volume":"70","author":"Antanaitis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Ir Zootech."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/4\/595\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:28:28Z","timestamp":1760120908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/4\/595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13040595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13040595","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]}}}