{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:15:13Z","timestamp":1791587713486,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evolution of some fetal growth indices and arterial blood flow parameters in the umbilical cord of the embryos and fetuses of primiparous pregnant goats of Murciano-Granadina breed were analyzed by ultrasonography. Weekly ultrasonographic sessions took place from 18- to 125-days post-breeding. Fetal measures were carried out by ultrasound B-mode. This mode was used to take a series of measurements in the embryo\/fetus throughout pregnancy: crown-rump length (CRL, from 24-days post-mating -dpm- to 61 dpm), trunk diameter (TD, 24\u201334 dpm), biparietal diameter (BPD, 28\u2013125 dpm) and eye orbit diameter (EOD, 75\u2013125 dpm). Spectral Doppler was used to study blood flow from umbilical artery. Different blood flow parameters were obtained as follows: Arterial Pulse, Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV), End Diastolic Velocity (EDV), Mean Velocity (MV), Systolic velocity\/Diastolic velocity Ratio (S\/D), Pulsatility Index (PI) and Resistance Index (RI). In this study, the umbilical cord was first noticed between 32- and 35-days post-breeding. However, these umbilical arterial blood flow parameters were not conclusive (positive S\/D ratios and RI &lt; 1) until 65\u201380 days of pregnancy. The explanation to these results could be that vascular development related to umbilical arteries elasticity and diameter is not good enough in early pregnancy. Therefore, these vessels have already acquired their appropriate characteristics in order to allow blood flow parameters and Doppler index measures from only 2.5 months of pregnancy. This is the first time that a detailed study of fetal growth indices and umbilical artery flow rates in fetuses from Murciano-Granadina goats has been performed throughout virtually the entire duration of gestation. In conclusion, the evolution of the fetal growth indices in this breed has determined that the umbilical artery velocimetric parameters (PSV, EDV, MV) increase significantly and the AP, S\/D, PI and RI indices decrease significantly throughout the analyzed pregnancy period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13040618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T04:48:03Z","timestamp":1676004483000},"page":"618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ultrasonography of Pregnancy in Murciano-Granadina Goat Breed: Fetal Growth Indices and Umbilical Artery Doppler Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Poto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murcian Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Development, 30150 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Peinado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murcian Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Development, 30150 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Almela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murcian Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Development, 30150 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Navarro-Serna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5713-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizarro Inostroza, M.G., Landi, V., Navas Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J., Le\u00f3n Jurado, J.M., Mart\u00ednez Mart\u00ednez, A., Fern\u00e1ndez \u00c1lvarez, J., and Delgado Bermejo, J.V. (2019). Does the acknowledgement of \u03b1s1-casein genotype affect the estimation of genetic parameters and prediction of breeding values for milk yield and composition quality-related traits in Murciano-Granadina?. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9090679"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simoes, J., and Guti\u00e9rrez, C. (2017). Sustainable Goat Production in Adverse Environments: Vol. II: Local Goat Breeds, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71294-9"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, June 08). MAPA (Raza Murciano-Granadina), Available online: https:\/\/www.mapa.gob.es\/es\/ganaderia\/temas\/zootecnia\/razas-ganaderas\/razas\/catalogo-razas\/caprino\/murciano-granadina\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Gom\u00e9z, M., Delgado, J.V., Ad\u00e1n, S., and Jim\u00e9nez, M. (2010). Especie Caprina: Murciano-Granadina, Gu\u00eda de Campo de Razas Aut\u00f3ctonas Espa\u00f1olas."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Noakes, D.E., Parkinson, T.J., and England, G.C.W. (2018). Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Saunders Ltd.. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.08.029","article-title":"Reproductive cycle of goats","volume":"124","author":"Fatet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(92)90211-L","article-title":"Seasonality of estrus and ovulation is not modified by subjecting female alpine goats to a tropical photoperiod","volume":"8","author":"Chemineau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Baena, I., Jarque-Dur\u00e1n, M., G\u00f3mez, E.A., D\u00edaz, J.R., and Peris, C. (2021). Terminal crossbreeding of Murciano-Granadina goats to boer bucks: Effects on reproductive performance of goats and growth of kids in artificial rearing. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11040986"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.05.011","article-title":"Induction\/synchronization of oestrus and ovulation in dairy goats with different short term treatments and fixed time intrauterine or exocervical insemination system","volume":"126","author":"Martemucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1485","article-title":"Comparison reproductive performance in Kermani ewes treated with two synchronization methods and subsequent eCG treatment out of the breeding season","volume":"3","author":"Moradi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"33","article-title":"Duration of estrus and preovulatory surge of LH in Boer x Nubian goats synchronized with various hormones in tropical latitude of Mexico","volume":"18","author":"Villanueva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archiv. Lationam. Prod. Anim."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.03.014","article-title":"Accuracy of B-mode ultrasonography for diagnosing pregnancy and determination of fetal numbers in different breeds of goats","volume":"147","author":"Karen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"104","article-title":"Ultrasound of gestation in Murciano Granadina goats","volume":"70","author":"Peinado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2011.01873.x","article-title":"Ultrasonic assessment during pregnancy in goats\u2014A review","volume":"47","author":"Erdogan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30835-5","article-title":"Use of ultrasonography in reproductive management of sheep and goat herds","volume":"6","author":"Haibel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"123","article-title":"B-mode ultrasound and ecobiometric parameters to assess embryonic and fetal development and estimate gestational age in goats","volume":"75","author":"Amoroso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(89)90471-8","article-title":"Breed differences in biparietal diameters of second trimester Toggenbubrg, Nubian and Angora goat fetuses","volume":"32","author":"Haibel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.497","article-title":"Ultrasonic measurement of fetal parameters for estimation of gestational age in Korean black goats","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.08.016","article-title":"Estimation of gestational age in Egyptian native goats by ultrasonographic fetometry","volume":"114","author":"Karen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.05.041","article-title":"Use of ultrasonographic fetometry for the estimation of days to kidding in dairy does","volume":"118","author":"Gosselin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.05.005","article-title":"Umbilical artery doppler sonography in Saanen goat fetuses during singleton and multiple pregnancies","volume":"74","author":"Serin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velasco, A., and Ruiz, S. (2021). New approaches to assess fertility in domestic animals: Relationship between arterial blood flow to the testicles and seminal quality. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010012"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2015.09.005","article-title":"Ultrasonographic Doppler Use for Female Reproduction Management","volume":"32","author":"Bollwein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Rubio, I., Tirapu, M., G\u00f3mez, H., and Zabalza, J. (2014). Ecograf\u00eda Doppler: Principios b\u00e1sicos y gu\u00eda pr\u00e1ctica para residentes. Eur. Soc. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"122","article-title":"Applications of Doppler ultrasonography in reproductive health and physiology of small ruminants","volume":"34","author":"Bartlewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reprod. Anim."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.412-416","article-title":"Doppler sonography for evaluation of hemodynamic characteristics of fetal umbilicus in Beetal goats","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"513941","article-title":"Assessment of arterial flow of the umbilical cord in goat fetuses of the Murciano-Granadina race using spectral doppler ultrasonography","volume":"36","author":"Luongo","year":"2022","journal-title":"An. Vet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR2017-976","article-title":"Simultaneous umbilical blood flow during normal pregnancy in sheep and goat foetuses using non-invasive colour Doppler ultrasound","volume":"15","author":"Elmetwally","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/RUQ.0b013e318229ffb5","article-title":"Ultrasound of the placenta and umbilical cord: A review","volume":"27","author":"Kellow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.5.1731","article-title":"Doppler echocardiographic assessment of fetal descending aortic and umbilical blood flows: Validation studies in fetal lambs","volume":"83","author":"Schmidt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.463","article-title":"Doppler ultrasound measurements of the blood flow velocity in the fetal heart and aorta in Bulgarian White milk goats","volume":"7","author":"Fasulkov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90426-8","article-title":"Direct determination of the ovine fetal umbilical artery blood flow waveform","volume":"162","author":"Irion","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1980.tb04613.x","article-title":"Fetal blood velocity waveforms in normal pregnancy","volume":"87","author":"Stuart","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90750-2","article-title":"Sources of variability in umbilical artery systolic\/diastolic ratios: Implications of the Poiseuille equation","volume":"163","author":"Wright","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-5629(96)00041-5","article-title":"Downstream determinants of pulsatility of the mean velocity waveform in the umbilical artery as predicted by a computer model","volume":"22","author":"Surat","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13305","article-title":"Determination of the gestational age through ultrasound measurements of some uterine and foetal parameters in Bulgarian local goats","volume":"53","author":"Karadaev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"429","article-title":"Determination of first pregnancy and foetal measurements in Egyptian Baladi goats (Capra hircus)","volume":"44","author":"Amer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR825","article-title":"Efficiency of different methods of estrus synchronization followed by fixed time artificial insemination in Persian downy does","volume":"14","author":"Hashemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.08.003","article-title":"New estrus synchronization and artificial insemination protocol for goats based on male exposure, progesterone and cloprostenol during the non-breeding season","volume":"68","author":"Carrizosa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.08.017","article-title":"Ultrasonographic foetometry and maternal serum progesterone concentrations during pregnancy in Turkish Saanen goats","volume":"197","author":"Yazici","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.12.004","article-title":"Umbilical artery Doppler in the assessment of fetal growth restriction","volume":"38","author":"Maulik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/4\/618\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:29:25Z","timestamp":1760120965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/4\/618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13040618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13040618","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]}}}