{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:19:20Z","timestamp":1790525960983,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Development Program","award":["S3246401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3246401"]}]},{"name":"Technology Development Program","award":["S3238047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3238047"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea)","award":["S3246401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3246401"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea)","award":["S3238047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3238047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetized water is defined as the amount of water that has passed through a magnet. The magnetic field weakens the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules, leading to the magnetized liquid acquiring special characteristics such as easy supercooling and forming smaller ice crystals. We researched the influences of a magnetized freezing extender on cell membrane damage and in vitro fertilization of boar sperm during cryopreservation. The freezing extenders were passed through 0, 2000, 4000, and 6000 gausses (G) of magnetic devices using a liquid cycling pump system and then used for the sperm freezing process. The damage to plasma, acrosomal, and mitochondrial membranes in frozen-thawed spermatozoa was investigated by flow cytometry, and motility was assessed using the CASA system. The fertility of frozen-thawed sperm was estimated using in vitro fertilization. The damage to the membranes was significantly decreased in the magnetized freezing extender by the 6000 G magnetic field compared to that of the control in frozen-thawed sperm, and motility was increased in the 6000 G group. Although there were no significant differences in the cleavage rates of in vitro fertilized oocytes among the treatment groups, the ratio of blastocyst formation increased in the magnetized freezing extender groups compared with that in the control group. The number of blastocysts was significantly higher in the 4000 G group than in the 0 G group. In conclusion, these results suggest that a magnetized freezing extender could improve the freezability of sperm and the development of oocytes fertilized in vitro with frozen-thawed sperm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13040634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T05:25:26Z","timestamp":1676265926000},"page":"634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of Magnetized Freezing Extender on Membrane Damages, Motility, and Fertility of Boar Sperm Following Cryopreservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5862-3663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3163-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee-Tae","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choon-Keun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8725-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.06.014","article-title":"Cryopreservation of boar semen and its future importance to the industry","volume":"70","author":"Bailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonik, O., Bubenickova, F., Tumova, L., Frolikova, M., Sur, V.P., Beran, J., Havlikova, K., Hackerova, L., Spevakova, D., and Komrskova, K. (2022). Boar Sperm Cryopreservation Improvement Using Semen Extender Modification by Dextran and Pentaisomaltose. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070868"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.06.020","article-title":"Effect of conventional and controlled freezing method on the post thaw characteristics of boar spermatozoa","volume":"149","author":"Baishya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00099-3","article-title":"The causes of reduced fertility with cryopreserved semen","volume":"60","author":"Watson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0050046","article-title":"Cryopreservation of semen from domestic livestock","volume":"5","author":"Curry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"121","article-title":"Cryo-Ability of Boar Sperm sorted by Percoll Containing of Antioxidative Enzyme","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Emb. Trans."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2014.02.006","article-title":"Effect of metformin on the fertilizing ability of mouse spermatozoa","volume":"68","author":"Bertoldo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.01.007","article-title":"Effects of astaxanthin on plasma membrane function and fertility of boar sperm during cryopreservation","volume":"164","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.833","article-title":"Effects of riboflavin on boar sperm motility, sperm quality, enzyme activity and antioxidant status during cryopreservation","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.2.354","article-title":"Sperm apoptosis in fresh and cryopreserved bull semen detected by flow cytometry and its relationship with fertility","volume":"66","author":"Anzar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14154","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14154","article-title":"Implications of cryopreservation on structural and functional attributes of bovine spermatozoa: An overview","volume":"53","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2006.11.004","article-title":"Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) of semen frozen in medium-straws from good and sub-standard freezer AI-boars","volume":"54","author":"Ekwall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.03.004","article-title":"Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) of boar semen frozen in medium-straws and MiniFlatPacks","volume":"67","author":"Ekwall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2008.01.006","article-title":"Preserving functional properties of hen\u2019s egg yolk during freeze-drying","volume":"87","author":"Jaekel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/07373930903202077","article-title":"Effects of Electric and Magnetic Field on Freezing and Possible Relevance in Freeze Drying","volume":"28","author":"Woo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drying Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013201","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.013201","article-title":"Breaking van der Waals molecules with magnetic fields","volume":"93","author":"Krems","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1408","article-title":"Supercooling and crystallization of water under DC magnetic fields","volume":"63","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"CIESC J."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Giuliani, L., and Soffritti, M. (2010). Non-Thermal Effects and Mechanisms of Nteraction between Electromagnetic Fields and Living Matter, An ICEMS Monograph."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gholami, D., Ghaffari, S.M., Riazi, G., Fathi, R., Benson, J., Shahverdi, A., and Sharafi, M. (2019). Electromagnetic field in human sperm cryopreservation improves fertilizing potential of thawed sperm through physicochemical modification of water molecules in freezing medium. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221976"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.21608\/ejrs.2017.41837","article-title":"Impact of magnetic extender on semen quality, oxidative stress, bacterial count and fertilizing ability in rabbits","volume":"27","author":"Elsawy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Rabbit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.08.043","article-title":"Sperm quality characteristics and fertilization capacity after cryopreservation of rooster semen in extender exposed to a magnetic field","volume":"198","author":"Askarianzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.689","article-title":"Pre-treatment of ram semen extender with magnetic nanoparticles on freeze-thawed spermatozoa","volume":"8","author":"Moradi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.12.015","article-title":"Effect of magnetized extender on sperm membrane integrity and development of oocytes in vitro fertilized with liquid storage boar semen","volume":"154","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.15616\/BSL.2017.23.4.406","article-title":"Effects of curcumin on sperm motility, viability, mitochondrial activity and plasma membrane integrity in boar semen","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13508","article-title":"Effect of nicotinic acid on the plasma membrane function and polyunsaturated fatty acids composition during cryopreservation in boar sperm","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.06.159","article-title":"Antioxidative effects of magnetized extender containing bovine serum albumin on sperm oxidative stress during long-term liquid preservation of boar semen","volume":"464","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.12750\/JARB.36.4.239","article-title":"Effect of antibodies binding to Y chromosome-bearing sperm conjugated with magnetic nanoparticles on bull sperm characteristics","volume":"36","author":"Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Reprod. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2011.01828.x","article-title":"Approaches Towards Efficient Use of Boar Semen in the Pig Industry","volume":"46","author":"Roca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.06.016","article-title":"Select antioxidants improve the function of extended boar semen stored at 10 C","volume":"63","author":"Funahashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.12750\/JARB.35.1.58","article-title":"Effects of Discontinuous Percoll Gradient Containing Alpha-linolenic Acid on Characteristics of Frozen-thawed Boar Spermatozoa","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Reprod. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.03.001","article-title":"Effects of in vitro storage time and semen-extender on membrane quality of boar sperm assessed by flow cytometry","volume":"62","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome analysis of human trophectoderm and embryonic stem cell-derived trophoblasts reveal key participants in early implantation","volume":"86","author":"Aghajanova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.09.006","article-title":"Increasing storage time of extended boar semen reduces sperm DNA integrity","volume":"63","author":"Greve","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2004.08.009","article-title":"Effects of shapes of electrodes on freezing of supercooled water in electric freeze control","volume":"28","author":"Hozumi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Refrig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2007.10.173","article-title":"Effects of dipole polarization of water molecules on ice formation under an electrostatic field","volume":"56","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1230315","article-title":"Importance of cooling rate and animal variability for boar sperm cryopreservation: Insights from the cryomicroscope","volume":"123","author":"Medrano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Owada, N., and Kurita, S. (2001). Super-Quick Freezing Method and Apparatus Therefor. (6,250,087), U.S. Patent."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/4\/634\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:31:38Z","timestamp":1760121098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/4\/634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13040634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13040634","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]}}}