{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:21:30Z","timestamp":1779362490227,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072890"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31572509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31572509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32202838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptosporidium parvum is an important zoonotic protozoon that threatens the health of humans and animals, but the interaction mechanisms between C. parvum and hosts are poorly understood. Our previous study indicated that the expression levels of C3a and C3aR were up-regulated in mice during C. parvum infection, but the mechanisms of C3a\/C3aR signaling during C. parvum infection have not been elucidated. In the present study, an optimized BALB\/c suckling mouse model infected with C. parvum was used to explore the function of C3a\/C3aR signaling during C. parvum infection. The expression levels of C3aR in the ileum tissues of mice infected with C. parvum were analyzed using real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The mRNA levels of the Cryptosporidium\u00a018S rRNA gene, tight junction proteins (zo-1, claudin 3, and occludin), intestinal stem cell marker lgr5, cell proliferation marker ki67, Th1 cell-related cytokine ifn-\u03b3, and Treg cell-related cytokine tgf-\u03b2 in mouse ileum tissues were analyzed by real-time PCR. The pathological injury of ileal mucosa was examined by histopathology analysis. The mRNA expression levels of Cryptosporidium\u00a018S rRNA gene were significantly up-regulated in the ileum tissues of C3aR-inhibited mice during C. parvum infection. Meanwhile, histopathology analysis of ileal mucosa in mice showed that inhibition of C3aR significantly aggravated the changes in villus length, villus diameter, mucosal thickness and the ratio of villus length to crypt depth during C. parvum infection. Further studies found inhibition of C3aR aggravated the down-regulation of occludin at most time points during C. parvum infection. The mRNA levels of ki67 and lgr5 in the ileum tissues of mice infected with C. parvum were significantly down-regulated. Inhibition of C3aR significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of lgr5 at most time points, but significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of ki67 at most time points. The mRNA expression levels of ifn-\u03b3 and tgf-\u03b2 were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated in the ileum tissues of mice infected with C. parvum, respectively. However, inhibition of C3aR significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of ifn-\u03b3 and tgf-\u03b2 in the ileum tissues of mice infected with C. parvum. Taken together, C3a\/C3aR signaling could possibly affect the propagation of C. parvum in mouse ileum tissues by regulating the gut barrier, cell proliferation and CD4+ T cell main effectors, which would contribute to our understanding of the interaction between Cryptosporidium and hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T04:13:16Z","timestamp":1677471196000},"page":"837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["C3a\/C3aR Affects the Propagation of Cryptosporidium parvum in the Ileum Tissues of Mice by Regulating the Gut Barrier, Cell Proliferation, and CD4+ T Cell Main Effectors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-9449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junke","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanghui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0075-x","article-title":"Advances in prevention and therapy of neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea: A systematical review with emphasis on colostrum management and fluid therapy","volume":"56","author":"Meganck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta. 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