{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T22:33:13Z","timestamp":1762900393197,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Research Support Initiative Program","award":["1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2022\/12612\/IRSIP","NRPU-7018","GCF-273","PARB-18-476","PHEC\/ARA\/PIRCA\/2020-6\/8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2022\/12612\/IRSIP","NRPU-7018","GCF-273","PARB-18-476","PHEC\/ARA\/PIRCA\/2020-6\/8"]}]},{"name":"HEC-National Research Program for Universities","award":["1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2022\/12612\/IRSIP","NRPU-7018","GCF-273","PARB-18-476","PHEC\/ARA\/PIRCA\/2020-6\/8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2022\/12612\/IRSIP","NRPU-7018","GCF-273","PARB-18-476","PHEC\/ARA\/PIRCA\/2020-6\/8"]}]},{"name":"HEC-Grand Challenge Fund","award":["1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2022\/12612\/IRSIP","NRPU-7018","GCF-273","PARB-18-476","PHEC\/ARA\/PIRCA\/2020-6\/8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2022\/12612\/IRSIP","NRPU-7018","GCF-273","PARB-18-476","PHEC\/ARA\/PIRCA\/2020-6\/8"]}]},{"name":"Pakistan Agriculture Research Board","award":["1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2022\/12612\/IRSIP","NRPU-7018","GCF-273","PARB-18-476","PHEC\/ARA\/PIRCA\/2020-6\/8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2022\/12612\/IRSIP","NRPU-7018","GCF-273","PARB-18-476","PHEC\/ARA\/PIRCA\/2020-6\/8"]}]},{"name":"Punjab Higher Education Commission","award":["1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2022\/12612\/IRSIP","NRPU-7018","GCF-273","PARB-18-476","PHEC\/ARA\/PIRCA\/2020-6\/8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-8\/HEC\/HRD\/2022\/12612\/IRSIP","NRPU-7018","GCF-273","PARB-18-476","PHEC\/ARA\/PIRCA\/2020-6\/8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cystic echinococcosis (hydatidosis) is a world-wide zoonotic disease of mainly humans, livestock and dogs, caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The disease can negatively impact food production and animal welfare and causes socio-economic hardship. Here, we aimed to identify the local bovine hydatid cyst fluid (BHCF) antigen for developing a sero-diagnostic assay to be used for the pre-slaughter screening of food animals. In total, 264 bovines approved for slaughter in Pakistan were subjected to serum collection and post-mortem screening for hydatid cysts. These cysts were assessed microscopically to assess fertility and viability, and by PCR for molecular confirmation of species. A BHCF antigen was identified from positive sera via SDS-PAGE, confirmed by Western blot, and quantified via a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. The quantified crude BHCF antigen (iEg67 kDa) was then used in ELISA screening to test all sera collected from known positive and negative animals based on hydatid cyst presence\/absence. Of the 264 bovines examined, 38 (14.4%) showed hydatid cysts during post-mortem examination. All of these individuals, plus an additional 14 (total: 52; 19.6%) tested positive based on less time-consuming ELISA examination. Based on ELISA, occurrence in females (18.8%) was significantly higher than in males (9.2%) and was higher in cattle (19.5%) compared to buffalo (9.5%). The infection rate increased with age in both host species: cumulatively, 3.6% in animals aged 2\u20133 years, 14.6% in 4\u20135-year-olds and 25.6% in 6\u20137-year-olds. The occurrence of cysts in cattle was significantly higher in the lungs (14.1%) compared to their livers (5.5%), whereas the opposite was true in buffalo (6.6% livers, 2.9% lungs). For both host species, most cysts in the lungs were fertile (65%), while the majority in the liver were sterile (71.4%). We conclude that the identified iEg67 kDa antigen is a strong candidate for the development of a sero-diagnostic screening assay for the pre-slaughter diagnosis of hydatidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T03:29:46Z","timestamp":1677554986000},"page":"866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["IEg67 kDa Bovine Hydatid Cyst Antigen: A Candidate for Developing Sero-Diagnostic Assays for Cystic Echinococcosis, a Disease of One Health Importance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6276-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakandar","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Cable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Younus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub-Campus, University of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0280-9335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Imran","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2340-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Hailer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haroon","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Echinococcus species in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"43","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Echinococcosis\/hydatidosis in Iran","volume":"4","author":"Rokni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02830-z","article-title":"Cystic echinococcosis: An emerging zoonosis in southern regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0383-2","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to cystic echinococcosis endemicity in Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0309-z","article-title":"Why more research needs to be done on echinococcosis in Pakistan","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60464-9","article-title":"Hydatidosis and Cysticercosis: The Dynamics of Transmission","volume":"22","author":"Lawson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s002680020001","article-title":"Hydatidosis: Dynamics of transmission","volume":"25","year":"2001","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.01.011","article-title":"State-of-the-art Echinococcus and Taenia: Phylogenetic taxonomy of human-pathogenic tapeworms and its application to molecular diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Nakao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-009-9247-y","article-title":"Echinococcosis: Costs, losses and social consequences of a neglected zoonosis","volume":"33","author":"Battelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veter Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.177449","article-title":"Cystic pulmonary hydatidosis","volume":"33","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung India Off. Organ Indian Chest Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, R., Khan, S., Khan, M., Adnan, M., Ali, I., Khan, T.A., Haleem, S., Rooman, M., Norin, S., and Khan, S.N. (2020). A systematic review of medicinal plants used against Echinococcus granulosus. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240456"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3944(01)00507-7","article-title":"Hydatid cysts of the liver opening in the biliary tract. Report of 64 cases","volume":"126","author":"Daali","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Chir."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"8859116","article-title":"Review on Epidemiology and Public Health Significance of Hydatidosis","volume":"2020","author":"Gessese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veter Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9680-5","article-title":"Occurrence and financial loss assessment of cystic echinococcosis (hydatidosis) in cattle slaughtered at Wolayita Sodo municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"43","author":"Bekele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105586","article-title":"Meta-analysis on the prevalence of bovine hydatid disease in China from 2000 to 2021","volume":"168","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04925-w","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence and distribution of Taenia and Echinococcus infections in Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Shumuye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaisi-Raygani, A., Mohammadi, M., Jalali, R., Salari, N., and Hosseinian-Far, M. (2021). Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered livestock in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06127-2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grakh, K., Prakash, A., Mittal, D., Kumar, P., and Kumar, R. (2020). Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Economics of Echinococcosis in India: A Review. Int. J. Livest. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.5455\/ijlr.20200418070900"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.04.032","article-title":"Estimating the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis in ruminants in Turkey","volume":"163","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"332","article-title":"The prevalence of hydatidosis in sheep and buffaloes at Multan, Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Tasawar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Vet."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Shafiq, M.T., and Athar, M. (2004). Epidemiology and Economical Aspects of Hydatidosis in Different Animals, Man and Its Control in Sheep with Indigenous Plants. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Punjab]."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"493","article-title":"Analysis of fluids of hydatid cysts from sheep by SDS-PAGE, and determination of specific antigens in protein structure by western blotting","volume":"24","author":"Burgu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagnozzi, D., Biosa, G., Addis, M.F., Mastrandrea, S., Masala, G., and Uzzau, S. (2014). An Easy and Efficient Method for Native and Immunoreactive Echinococcus granulosus Antigen 5 Enrichment from Hydatid Cyst Fluid. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104962"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X10000349","article-title":"Evaluation of crude hydatid cyst fluid antigens for the serological diagnosis of hydatidosis in cattle","volume":"85","author":"Golassa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Isolation, purification and immunobiochemical characterization of goat hydatid cyst fluid antigen","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"405","article-title":"Characterization of hydatid cyst fluid from ruminants and humans by SDS-PAGE in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"23","author":"Latif","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-012-0189-x","article-title":"Prevalence and morphological characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus from north India","volume":"38","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038628","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2038628","article-title":"Cyst Viability and Economic Significance of Hydatidosis in Southern Ethiopia","volume":"2019","author":"Guduro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0331","article-title":"Development of Three PCR Assays for the Differentiation between Echinococcus shiquicus, E. granulosus (G1 genotype), and E. multilocularis DNA in the Co-Endemic Region of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, China","volume":"88","author":"Boufana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90109-W","article-title":"Genetic variants within the genus Echinococcus identified by mitochondrial DNA sequencing","volume":"54","author":"Bowles","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.01.012","article-title":"Comparison of the usefulness of hydatid cyst fluid, native antigen B and recombinant antigen B8\/1 for serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis","volume":"106","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"391","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of human hydatidosis using AgB-ELISA test in Arak, central Iran","volume":"42","author":"Asghari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5298-5","article-title":"Induction of specific humoral immune response in mice immunized with ROP18 nanospheres from Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"116","author":"Nabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, S.U., Akbar, H., Shabbir, M.Z., Ullah, U., and Rashid, M.I. (2021). Development of Human Toxo IgG ELISA Kit, and False-Positivity of Latex Agglutination Test for the Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091111"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00177-X","article-title":"The diagnostic odds ratio: A single indicator of test performance","volume":"56","author":"Glas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00512-12","article-title":"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Recombinant SAG1 Antigen to Detect Toxoplasma gondii-Specific Immunoglobulin G Antibodies in Human Sera and Saliva","volume":"20","author":"Bouratbine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.08.022","article-title":"Ovine echinococcosis: I. Immunological diagnosis by enzyme immunoassay","volume":"143","author":"Gatti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000200002","article-title":"Depletion of CD25+ cells during acute toxoplasmosis does not significantly increase mortality in Swiss OF1 mice","volume":"107","author":"Akbar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6222","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6222-6228.2003","article-title":"The MIC3 Gene of Toxoplasma gondii Is a Novel Potent Vaccine Candidate against Toxoplasmosis","volume":"71","author":"Ismael","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2022.e00262","article-title":"Cystic echinococcosis in cattle slaughtered at a slaughterhouse in Gessa, southern Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"Mathewos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"66","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of Indirect Enzyme Linked Immuno sorbent Assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of hydatidosis in dromedary camels using hydatid cyst fluid antigens","volume":"27","author":"Yousef","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"12","article-title":"Performance of Antigen B Isolated from Different Hosts and Cyst Locations in Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis","volume":"6","author":"Rahimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-022-01508-z","article-title":"Detection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato cysts and seroprevalence of cystic echinococcosis in cattle and camels in Maiduguri Abattoir","volume":"46","author":"Yakubu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21608\/avmj.2014.166647","article-title":"Comparative study between serological analysis and visual meat inspection for hydatid cyst in camels","volume":"60","author":"Osman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Assiut Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00308-4","article-title":"Evaluation of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of serum antibodies in sheep infected with Echinococcus granulosus","volume":"110","author":"Kittelberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Shepherd, J.C. (1988). Antigens for the Immunodiagnosis of Hydatid Disease. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, Imperial College of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.003","article-title":"Morphological and molecular characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus in livestock and humans in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"170","author":"Latif","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1132","article-title":"Seroprevalence of IgG Antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus by ELISA Method Using Recombinant Agb in Lorestan Province, Western Iran","volume":"46","author":"Omrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(96)90082-X","article-title":"Echinococcus granulosus antigen B and seroreactivity in natural ovine hydatidosis","volume":"61","author":"Ibrahem","year":"1996","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.15547\/bjvm.2136","article-title":"Studies on the specific immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in camels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"22","author":"Kandil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01223-7","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus in disposed of bovine carcasses in Punjab, India","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1986.tb00843.x","article-title":"Detection of specific circulating antigen, immune complexes and antibodies in human hydatidosis from Turkana (Kenya) and Great Britain, by enzyme-immunoassay","volume":"8","author":"Craig","year":"1986","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12827","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12827","article-title":"Investigating new serological and tissue markers for the follow-up of patients operated for alveolar echinococcosis","volume":"43","author":"Bellanger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5042430","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5042430","article-title":"Incidence, Risk Factors, and Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis: A Complex Socioecological Emerging Infectious Disease in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Province of Pakistan","volume":"2018","author":"Haleem","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-940X.2015.00118.7","article-title":"Prevalence and economic significance of cystic hydatidosis: Bovine at Kombolcha Elfora Industrial Abattoir, North Wollo, Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Asrat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.003","article-title":"Epidemiological study of the cystic echinococcosis in Morocco","volume":"137","author":"Azlaf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757800","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.757800","article-title":"Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Cystic Echinococcosis in Livestock Population of the Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"29","article-title":"Hydatidosis: Prevalence and biometrical studies in cattle (Bos indicus)","volume":"37","author":"Anwar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pak. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2012.213-218","article-title":"Cyst Viability, Organ Distribution and Financial Losses due to Hydatidosis in Cattle Slaughtered at Dessie Municipal Abattoir, North-eastern Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Melaku","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.10.019","article-title":"Hydatidosis: Prevalence and its economic importance in ruminants slaughtered at Adama municipal abattoir, Central Oromia, Ethiopia","volume":"113","author":"Getaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X10000234","article-title":"An abattoir-based study on the prevalence and economic losses due to cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered herbivores in Ahwaz, south-western Iran","volume":"85","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/5\/866\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:43:59Z","timestamp":1760121839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/13\/5\/866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani13050866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13050866","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]}}}